Category: Politics & Government

Offences against the State: The offences against the State may be classified as under: Image Source: cdn.shareyouressays.com ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Waging or attempting or conspiring to wage or collecting men and ammunition to wage war against the Government of India (Ss. 121, 121-A, 122 and 123); 2. Assaulting President, or Governor of any State with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power (S. 124); 3. Sedition (S. 124-A); 4.War against a power at peace with the Government of India or committing depredations on the territories of such power (Ss. 125-126); and 5. Permitting or aiding or negligently suffering the escape of, or rescuing or harbouring a State prisoner. (Ss. 128-130). Ingredients of the offence of waging war against Govern­ment: The waging of war is the attempt to…

Environmental education is given for the sake of the preservation of environment through the environment itself the living creatures who could not adjust themselves with their environment are now extinct. Image Source: treesatlanta.orgThe environment, itself, is a kind of teacher. Through the medium of consequences the environment teaches man that by disturbing the balance in the environment he harms himself. Through environmental education an attempt is made to help a student to adjust himself with the environment. ADVERTISEMENTS: In other words, the student is taught about the methods of acquiring the desirable control over his environment. When a child sees a monkey and expresses curiosity about it, then to explain the relevant aspects about it is to give him education through a unit of the environment.We often learn many new…

There is a deep relationship between Political Science and Sociology. In fact, there is so much interdependence between the two that the study of one essentially demands some knowledge of the other. Modern Political Scientists have used the knowledge of Sociology for developing several approaches, concepts and theories of Politics.All of us know that the State in its early stages was more of a social than political institution. The political is still embedded in social. The study of State and other political institutions requires knowledge of the social system in which these are at work.As such Politics has to take the help of Sociology. Likewise, since political institutions play a deterministic role in the social system, Sociology needs knowledge of Political Science. Image Source: ce85d19d27bcd4580648-f08455577a10cebd8677ed53887ae045.r1.cf2.rackcdn.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Politics is the science…

The government appointed a committee under the chairmanship of Mr. Kelkar to examine the structure of direct and indirect taxes and to make recommendations for making the tax system more broad-based, elastic and simplified.Major recommendations of this committee are the following:a. Income tax exemption limit be raised to Rs. 1 lakh from Rs. 50,000 presently. ADVERTISEMENTS: b. Income tax rates proposed at 20% for earnings of Rs. 1-4 lakh and 30% for over Rs. 4 lakhs.c. Tax threshold for senior citizens and widows at Rs. 1.5 lakh. Image Source: c1.staticflickr.comd. Abolition of dividend tax, long-term capital gains tax and wealth tax. ADVERTISEMENTS: e. All exemptions on savings and other income, except for handicapped, be lifted.f. Phasing out tax breaks on home loans in 3 years.g. No standard deduction for salaried…

Legal Provisions Regarding the Payment of Dividend are given below: 1. Declaration of Dividend: Dividend for a financial year may be declared only when the Balance-sheet and Profit and loss account of the company are presented to the shareholders at the annual general meeting. It is the prerogative of the board of directors to recommend the rate of dividend to be distributed. The members have the right to approve or lower the same. Image Source: kiplinger.com ADVERTISEMENTS: But in no case shareholders can increase the amount. Usually, dividend is declared at the annual general meeting. But a company which has not declared dividend at an annual general meeting may do so at a subsequent general meeting. A company which has declared dividend at a general meeting is not permitted to…

Only individual who has been allotted a Director Identity Number (DIN) under section 266B.The appointment of directors is made in the following manner: 1. Appointment of Directors by Promoters: The first directors of the company are usually appointed by the promoters in the manner laid down by the company’s articles. Their names are usually given in the company’s articles. Where the articles do not provide for the appointment of first directors, the signatories to the memorandum, who are individual, shall be deemed to be the first directors of the company subject to the regulations of the company’s articles (Sec. 254) . Image Source: thestar.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The first directors can hold office only till the first annual general meeting of the company when they will be replaced by directors appointed by…

Specific Provisions Regarding Government Companies in Corporate Law are as follows:(1) The auditor of a government company is appointed or re-appointed by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India has the power to direct the manner in which the company’s accounts are to be audited by the auditor and give such other instructions regarding any matter relating to the performance of his functions as such. ADVERTISEMENTS: He can also conduct a supplementary test audit of the company’s accounts by officers appointed by him. The auditor must submit a copy of his report to the Comptroller and Auditor General and such report, with his comments thereon, shall be placed before the annual general meeting of the company.(2) Where Central Government is a member of…

The following are the requisites for calling and conducting a valid general meeting: 1. Proper Authority: The authority to call a general meeting is the board of directors of the company. The notice of the meeting should be issued under their authority, granted at a duly constituted meeting of the board or passing a resolution by circulation. A single director has no power to convene a meeting. The secretary of the company has no authority to call a general meeting unless the Board resolves and authorises him to do so. Image Source: bluetext.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In case the meeting of the Board of directors itself is unlawful e.g. where rightful directors are prevented from attending the directors’ meeting, the decision taken by the Board at such meeting to call the general…