Category: Linguistics

Introduction XVII century - the continuation of the processes that began during the Renaissance - Reformation, there is a radical break with the spiritual heritage of the Middle Ages. Science is rapidly developing and coming to the forefront, which orientes a person not to turn to the Holy Scripture, but to "read the book of nature." The future is associated with the improvement of the human mind. 17th-century philosophers are “advocates of human nature,” who are destined to act according to their natural laws, accessible to a reasonable understanding. Historical perspectives are presented as optimistic. The concept of "social progress" is being developed. In spiritual life, the attitude towards “practical philosophy” dominates, where practicality is understood not in the ethical, but in the technical sense. Knowledge is needed to remake…

Nature, scope and objectives of Educational Psychology are determined by the relationship it bears to the aims and standards of Education.The aims and ideals of education are set by philosophy. Educational Psychology helps in realizing these goals and ideals. It helps primarily in answering questions of ‘how’ and ‘when’. How does learning of facts differ from learning of attitudes and purposes? How can appreciations and ideals be best developed? How can prejudices be uprooted? How can a problem be memorized most economically? How-should a child begin learning to read? Psychology can help us answer these questions.Fundamental aim of educational psychology is to help the student of education and the teacher in understanding human nature so that he may be able to motivate and direct the learning and growth and conduct.…

The slogan of modernisation is now echoing around the world. Though used frequently both in the current literature and in speech making the term ‘modernisation’ has acquired different meanings.The economists use this term simply as another word for economic growth to be achieved mostly through man’s application of technologies to the control of natural resources. ADVERTISEMENTS: The political scientists look at modernisation as the process of government building. They are interested how governments increase their capacity to innovate change and cope with social conflict.The psychologists would emphasise self- reliance and achievement motivation essential to modernity. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.orgTo the common man industrialization and automation symbolise modernisation. In machine he sees, on the one hand, increased production resulting in better comfort and higher standard of living and, on the other hand,…

In the field of knowledge Jaina philosophy is pluralist and relativist. Consciousness is the essence of the soul or Jiva. Knowledge according to Jaina system is of two kinds: Pramana and Nyya (or judgment about a particular thing ;.)Pramana is again of two kinds i.e., Indirect and direct. Pramana both direct and indirect enlighten themselves as well as others. Direct knowledge is gained by the means of the sense organs. Direct is valid in its own right. Direct knowledge is either practical or other worldly. Practical knowledge is achieved through mind and senses. Other worldly is immune from the effect of actions and independent of mind and senses. ADVERTISEMENTS: Direct practical knowledge is of two kinds: Mati and Sruta. Mati is the result of senses, qualities, certainty and impression of…

Here is your essay on the Vedanta System of Education:According to Sankra soul is pure and unblemished and it cannot realize the ultimate ‘Brahm’ only through devotion and karma without true knowledge. To know the real self or ‘Brahma’ is salvation or moksha. ‘Sruties’ the gems of ancient literature have called out emphatically, ‘Satyam Gyanam Anantam Brahma’ which means that knowledge is to know the, ‘self and ‘Brahma’ as one and the same element. ADVERTISEMENTS: A living being is full of consciousness and intelligence. Hence there is dynamism in him. Devotion and Karma reform and develop the capacity of soul towards higher and higher reaches leading to the ultimate knowledge or gyan.According to Sankra there are three kinds of children on the basis of their interests and capacities i.e., superior,…

The realist teacher is of a dual personality. As a realist he recognises all the demands of the realist pupil. He feels that every aspect of teaching should be dominated by reality. His sole aim as a teacher is to place before the pupil the clear, distinct and systematic knowledge of science in an impersonal manner. He will regard knowledge as one and universal. To him it knows no bounds of colour, race and religion. Therefore, the realist teacher would not like to call French or German mathematics.The realist teacher tries to present the knowledge of the subject matter before the pupil in such a way as to make himself one with it. He himself becomes the voice of chemistry and mathematics and speaks in the classroom to ears which…

Here is your essay on Realism:Aristotle is recognised as the Father of Realism. To understand the philosophy of realism, it is necessary to examine the conditions prevalent in the middle Ages. In the middle Ages the bookish and unreal knowledge was the order of the day in Europe. Consequently there was a wide gap between the real life and education. ADVERTISEMENTS: Secondly, the realistic movement which started from 16th century and developed in the 17th century witnessed great inventions and epoch-making discoveries. Newton’s law of gravitation, Harvey’s theory of blood circulation and Bacon’s formulation of new Scientific Method, all these led to a new spirit of inquiry into the realities of nature.The interest in language and literature begin to wane and people became more interested in man and his environment.…

The Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) has recommended the establishment of multi-purpose schools. Some practical difficulties were faced in opening such schools during the First Five Year Plan.It is an expensive set up, because for a multi-purpose school a big building, different kinds of laboratories and workshops, adequate fertile land for agriculture, a rich library and other educational facilities are needed.In view of the poor financial condition of the country, these institutions cannot be expected to be set up at different places in the country. It is not easy to arrange for the study of three or more vocational subjects in one institution. Image Source : upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: There is a shortage of adequately trained teachers in vocational and technical subjects. The other difficulty is that for the teaching of different…