Category: Essays

A relief map shows the height of the land above the mean sea level on a flat surface. Several methods have been developed to show the relief features on a map. Some of them are the contours, form lines, layer- colouring, hill-shading, spot heights, bench marks, hachure’s, etc. These methods have their merits and demerits. Sometimes a combination of these methods is adopted, such as contours and form lines, contours and layer-colouring, etc. 1. Contours: A contour is an imaginary line of constant height above the mean sea level. The difference between the values of any two successive contours is known as the contour interval, or the vertical interval (V.I.). The horizontal distance between any two contours is called the horizontal equivalent or H.E. Its value depends upon the slope…

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for providing safe food to citizens. The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, laid down guidelines to provide pure and wholesome foods to consumers. The Act was last amended in 1986 to make punishments more stringent and to empower consumers further.Food adulteration is the addition or mixing of inferior, harmful, substandard, useless or unnecessary substances to foods. This spoils the nature and quality of food items and is considered food adulteration. 1. Milk Adulteration: In India, which is the land of cows, large quantities of milk are adulterated. Milk adulteration involves adding water to milk and removing the beneficial fats from milk. Often soya milk, starch, groundnut milk, and wheat flour are added to milk. This makes the milk less nutritious…

From (Company Name) (Address) Telephone: ____________ (Date)To The Manager, (Company Name) (Address)Dear (Name), ADVERTISEMENTS: We thank you for your letter of ____________ (Date), but feel that you find our quotations for clips, computer and ring files on the higher side. We may again assure you that they are quite reasonable so as to allow you ample profit margins. Therefore, we cannot allow only additional discount to our usual rate of 28%. If we concede to your request then there would be hardly left any profit for us.Despite the cost-rise in inputs, power rates and labour charges, we have kept our prices to the same level over two years. But soon we are thinking of on upward revision in our prices in view of the above mentioned factors. In fact, our…

From (Name) (Address) (Date)To The District Engineer,Re: Installation of a separate meter under commercial tariff at my premises No. ____________ ADVERTISEMENTS: Dear Sir,Please be informed that I have let out a portion of my above premises to ____________ (Name) for conducting his commercial enterprise on long term lease. He has already completed all the necessary formalities, as required by you, for the purpose of getting a separate meter under commercial tariff installed at my above premises vide his letters on different dates, last letter being ____________(Date) .I regret to inform you that no action has yet been taken in installing the meter, although long time has already elapsed. It will be very much appreciated if you would please take immediate action in installing a separate meter at my above premises,…

From (Railways Name) (Address) (Date)To (Company Name) Re: Ex (place) (Date)Dear Sirs, ADVERTISEMENTS: Your claim has been settled for ____________ (Amount) (In words) in full final settlement of your claim.Provided, if the consignment is subsequently traced, you will have to take delivery of the same and return the claim money that you may have received meanwhile.Please convey your acceptance within a fortnight from the date of the receipt of this letter to prevent your claim from lapsing. ADVERTISEMENTS: Yours faithfully,(Your Name) For Chief Commercial Supdt. Asst. Supdt. Image Source: tenant.net

To The Hon’ble Mayor/the Chairman, Re: Mosquito menace in the localityDear Sir,I, as President of the local Zonal Committee, take the privilege of bringing to your kind attention to the mosquito menace in the locality of____________ (with full address including Ward No. ____________). ADVERTISEMENTS: The growing mosquito menace in the locality in the recent times has led to the outbreak of malaria in virulent form. The following reasons are attributed to the mushroom growth of mosquito in the locality.(a) Most of the drains are uncovered practically without outlets resulting in stagnation of contaminated water and as such the drains have becoming the breathing ground of mosquitos.(b) There are heaps of rubbishes and refuse lying helter skelter on the roads in absence of any dustbins and they remain uncleaned by the…

To The Hon’ble Mayor/the Chairman, Date Re: Stray dog menaceDear Sir,I, as President of the local Zonal Committee, take the privilege of bringing to your kind attention to the stray dog menace in the locality of____________ (with full address including Ward No. ____________). ADVERTISEMENTS: For the last six months the number of stray dogs in the locality have increased manifold and the people living in this area have been terror-striken by such dogs. The situation has become alarming when several small school going children have been bitten by these dogs.It is also most obnoxious and disturbing when these stray dogs start barking in chorus continuing for prolonged time at all the nights robbing of slumber of the people. It is now of paramount necessity to get rid of these dogs…

To The Mayor/Chairman, Date Re: Inadequate supply of waterDear Sir,We, the inhabitant’s of have to inform you that the supply of water through pipe lines in our area has been extremely inadequate for which the inmates of families of every house have been suffering beyond description. During summer season in particular when requirement of water is more, sufferings of the people for want of water know no bounds. ADVERTISEMENTS: The reason for shortage of water is the increase in the number of people in our area on account of mushroom growth of flats. The problem of scarcity of water has been precipitated due to disbalancing in the supply and requirement of water which is passing through smaller diameter of water pipes for the last many years, in order to improve…

From DateTo The Rationing Officer,Re: Request for issuance of new Ration Cards. ADVERTISEMENTS: Dear Sir,This is for your Kind information that I was in service at ____________ (Place Name), the metropolis of ____________ (Place) for the last ____________ (Year) and there was no public distribution system and as such there was no question of drawing ration against ration card from there.Now, my services have been transferred to ____________ (Place) as per copy of letter ____________ (Date) of transfer orders enclosed. In ____________ (Place) I along with the members of my family am putting up at________________ (Address of Residence).I would, therefore, request you to arrange issuance of new Ration Cards in favour of me and the members of my family, as per details given below: ADVERTISEMENTS: Kindly be informed that I…

Both ‘utility analysis’ and ‘indifference curves analysis’ use introspective method or psychological approach to explain consumer’s behaviour and demand.Theory, propounded by Prof. PA. Samuelson, attempts to explain consumer’s behaviour and consumer’s demand on the basis of observed market behaviour of the consumer in different price-income situation.Thus, the revealed preference theory provides behaviouristic explanation of consumer’s demand. ADVERTISEMENTS: The revealed preference theory is based on the following concepts or elements: (i) Ordinal utility: According to Prof. Samuelson utilities are merely comparable and not quantifiable. It means it is based on the concept of ordinal utility. Image Source : pa211sw.communityos.org (ii) Preference hypothesis: It means when a consumer chooses a particular combination of goods, say P, out of various combinations available to him in a given price-income situation, then he reveals his…