Category: Essays

Legal provisions regarding Security for keeping the peace on conviction under section 106 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.According to Section 106 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, when a Court of Session or Court of a Magistrate of the first class convicts a person of any of the offences such as: Image Source: churchofchristarticles.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) Any offence punishable under Chapter VIII of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, other than an offence punishable under Section 153-A or Section 153-B or Section 154 thereof;(b) Any offence which consists of, or includes, assault or using criminal force or committing mischief;(c) Any offence of criminal intimidation;(d) Any other offence which caused or was intended or known to be likely to cause, a breach of the peace, ADVERTISEMENTS: or of abetting any…

Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that in every inquiry or trial, for the purpose of enabling the accused personally to explain any circumstances appearing in the evidence against him,— Image Source: img35.imageshack.us(a) The Court may, at any stage without previously warning the accused, put such question to him as the Court considers necessary; ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) The Court shall, after the prosecution witnesses have been examined and before the accused is called upon to put up his defence, question him generally on the case.The use of the word “may” in clause (a) shows that a discretion is vested in the Court. However, clause (b) uses the word “shall”, and makes the questioning mandatory.When an accused is being examined as above, no oath is to be administered to…

Legal provisions regarding summary procedure for trial for giving false evidence under section 344 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.It is desirable to have some provisions whereby perjury of a flagrant and unchallengeable type could be effectively punished summarily without prejudicing a fair trial of the accused person. Image Source: pocketperspectives.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Section 344 of the Code provides the following provisions of summary procedure for giving false evidence.(1) If, at the time of delivery of any judgment of final order disposing of any judicial proceeding, a Court of Session or Magistrate of the first class express an opinion to the effect that any witness appearing in such proceeding had knowingly or willfully given false evidence or had fabricated false evidence with the intention that such evidence should be used…

Legal provisions regarding supply to the accused of copy of police report and other under section 207 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.Section 207 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that in any case where the proceeding has been instituted on a police report, the Magistrate shall without delay furnish to the accused, free of cost, a copy of each of the following: Image Source: content.news14.com(i) The police report;(ii) The first information report recorded under Section 154;(iii) The statements recorded under Section 161(3) of the Code of all persons whom the prosecution proposes to examine as its witnesses, excluding there-from any part in regard to which a request for such exclusion has been made by the police officer under Section 173(6) of the Code;(iv) The confessions and statements,…

Section 215 of the Code of Criminal Procedure expounds a salutary rule to the effect that an error in stating either the offence or any other particular required to be stated in the charge, and no omission to state the offence or such particulars, can be regarded as material at any stage of the case, unless the accused was, in fact, misled by such error or omission, and if this has caused a failure of justice. Image Source: c2.staticflickr.com Illustration to S. 215: (a) A is charged under S. 242 of the Indian Penal Code 1860, with “having been in possession of counterfeit coin, having known, at the time when he became possessed thereof, that such coin was counterfeit,” the word “fraudulently” being omitted in the charge. ADVERTISEMENTS: Unless it…

Legal provisions regarding warrant forwarded for execution outside jurisdiction under section 78 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.(1) When a warrant is to be executed outside the local jurisdiction of the Court issuing it, such Court may, instead of directing the warrant to a police officer within its jurisdiction, forward it by post or otherwise to any Executive Magistrate or District Superintendent of Police or Commissioner of Police within the local limits of whose jurisdiction it is to be executed; and the Executive Magistrate or District Superintendent or Commissioner shall endorse his name thereon, and if practicable, cause it to be executed in the manner herein before provided. Image Source: glennhmason.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) The Court issuing a warrant under sub-section (1) shall forward along with the warrant, the substance…

Different parameters of soil can be deter­mined by following methods: 1. Soil atmospheres: The soil gases are collected by an apparatus devised by Haley and Brierley (1953) and are tested in the labora­tory for oxygen and carbon dioxide by Haldane- Gutherie gas analysis apparatus. image source: yesitsyomoma.files.wordpress.com 2. Soil organic matter: A reasonable estimate of soil organic matter can be obtained by loss of weight on ignition. About 5g of oven dried soil is taken, weighed carefully, and then heated red hot in a crucible for about half an hour. ADVERTISEMENTS: It is cooled in a desiccator, is reweighed and heated again. This procedure is continued until weight of soil becomes constant. The loss in weight, expressed as a percentage, represents the amount of oxidizable organic matter present. 3. Soil…

Section 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that, after making the order under S. 145 for parties to appear before him, if the Magistrate considers the case to be one of emergency, or if he decides that none of the parties was then in possession of such property, or if he is unable to satisfy himself as to which of the parties was in possession of the subject-matter of the dispute, he may attach such property, until a competent Court determines the rights of the parties thereto with regard to the person who is entitled to its possession. Image Source: images.mathrubhuminews.inSuch an attachment can be withdrawn by the Magistrate at any later time, if he is satisfied that there is no longer any likelihood of breach of peace…

Molecular Basis of Inheritance in the Human are as follows: Image Source: dsas9a9gxtv2e.cloudfront.net(a) Transcription, ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) Polymorphism,(c) Translation, (a) Transcription: The process of copying genetic information from one DNA strand into RNA is called as transcription.During the process of coping only one DNA strand is copied and once the process is set the total DNA of the organism is copied. ADVERTISEMENTS: Only the difference is that instead of adenine pairing with thymine, uracil is paired. The RNA thus made is m RNA that is further translated into proteins as per the DNA message. (b) Polymorphism: The phenomenon of repeated occurrence of DNA sequences in a DNA molecule is called polymorphism.It forms the basis of genetic mapping of human genome as well as DNA finger printing. No two individuals can have…

5 Important steps that a plant breeder have to undertake in developing a new genetic variety of plant are as follows: Image Source: ontariobeans.on.ca 1. Germ plasm collection: The plant breeder has to develop a collection of all varieties of the crop. i.e. wild, species and relatives. This is done for exploitation of natural genes available in the population. 2. Evaluation and selection of parents: ADVERTISEMENTS: The germplasm is evaluated and plants are identified for the desirable combination of characters. The selected plants are multiplied for creating pure lines of the crops. 3. Cross hybridization: This step involves the production of hybrids by cross hybridization/breeding. The hybrid progeny will have the desirable traits of both parents crossed.It is not an easy and one step go as it is not necessary…