Category: Essays

Legal Provisions of Section 322 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing grievous hurt:This section defines the offence of voluntarily causing grievous hurt. It says that whoever voluntarily causes hurt, if the hurt which he has intention to cause is grievous hurt or if the hurt which he has knowledge to be likely to cause is grievous hurt, and if the hurt, which has been caused by him is grievous hurt, is said ‘voluntarily to cause grievous hurt’. In other words, the offender must voluntarily cause hurt, if his intention is to cause grievous hurt or if he has knowledge that he is likely to cause grievous hurt, and if the hurt caused by him is grievous hurt, then the offender is said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt. Image Source: tnp.sg…

Legal Provisions of Section 325 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt:This section prescribes punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt. It says that except in the case provided under section 335, whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Section 335 to which this section does not apply punishes voluntarily causing grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation. This section punishes the offence described under section 322 of the Code. Image Source: free.loveislonely.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Where the medical evidence showed that the deceased was attacked on the forehead by a lathi and the external and internal injury could not be correlated, the accused could be convicted under section…

The Methods which are used in the Research of Verbal Learn­ing are listed below: (1) Free Recall: The simplest way of testing the effects of subjects studying some sort of verbal materials is to ask for free recall. Free recall is a way of saying that subjects can recall the items presented to them in any order they wish. The way in which they actually recall the material depends upon the material. Murdock found that the probability of recall of individual items in a list is a function of their position in the list. image source: newshour-tc.pbs.org ADVERTISEMENTS: He found that items in the end of the list were recalled better (Recency effect) and those at the beginning of the list next (Primacy effect). The items in the middle of…

Legal Provisions of Section 311 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Punishment:This section prescribes penalty for one who is a thug. It says that whoever is a thug shall be punished with imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. The quantum of punishment shows that the offence of thugee was viewed very seriously. In those times it had almost become a menace in the society and, therefore, this serious penalty. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The offence under this section is cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable, and is triable by court of session. Of the Causing of Miscarriage, of Injuries to Unborn Children, of the Exposure of Infants, and of the Concealment of Births.Sections 312 to 318 of the Code deal with those offences affecting the human body which are with…

Legal Provisions of Section 281 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy:Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy with certain intention or knowledge has been made punishable under this section. The section says that whoever exhibits any false light, mark or buoy, with the intention or with the knowledge that it is likely that such exhibition will mislead any navigator, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to seven years, or with fine, or with both. Image Source: allison1014blog.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The section requires that the accused must exhibit any false light, mark or buoy. The prosecution must also establish that while doing so he must have intention or knowledge that it is likely that any navigator would be misled by…

6, Bidhan Road,Siliguri – 734 001.October 21, 2009 ADVERTISEMENTS: The Editor,Darjeeling Chronicle,5, Sevoke Road,Siliguri – 734 001. ADVERTISEMENTS: Subject: Need for voluntary blood donationSir, Image Source: newsgram.comThrough your widely-read columns, I would like to draw the attention of the general public to the crying need for voluntary blood donation in our district. Sad to say, even those who are aware of this problem hesitate to come forward and help because of the many wrong ideas that prevail on the subject. ADVERTISEMENTS: First, the availability of blood in our hospitals falls far below the requirement. Many lives that could easily have been saved through the goodwill of voluntary donors are lost.Contrary to popular belief, neither is the process of donating blood painful, nor does it weaken or incapacitate a person. On…

Section 115 of IPC – “Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. If offence not committed.” Image Source: blog.amnestyusa.orgWhoever abets the commission of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, shall, if that offence be not committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is made by this Code for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine; ADVERTISEMENTS: If act causing harm be done in consequence:And if any act for which the abettor is liable in consequence of the abetment, and which causes hurt to any person, is done, the abettor shall be liable to imprisonment of either description for a term…

Section 101 of Indian Penal Code – “Private defence of body when extends to causing any harm other than death.” Image Source: upload.wikimedia.orgSection 101 provides that if the offence be not of any of the description enumerated in Section 100; the right of private defence of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, but does extend to the voluntary causing to the assailant of any harm other than death. ADVERTISEMENTS: Thus, under this section, any harm short of death can be inflicted in the exercise of the right of private defence in any case which does not fall within the provisions of Section 100.Instances of Exceeded Right of Private Defence:In a case a pistol was said to have been fired from close range…

Section 34 embodies the principle of joint liability in the doing of a criminal act, the essence of that liability being the existence of a common intention. Participation in the commission of the offence in furtherance of the common intention of all invites its application. Image Source: images.flatworldknowledge.comSection 109, on the other hand, may be attracted even if the abettor is not present when the offence abetted is committed provided that he has instigated the commission of the offence or has engaged with one or more other persons in a conspiracy to commit an offence and pursuant to that conspiracy some act or illegal commission taken place or has intentionally aided the commission of an offence by an act or illegal omission. ADVERTISEMENTS: Criminal conspiracy differs from other offences in…

An abettor may engage with one or more person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of something in which case he not only instigates but conspires to commit a crime, an act punishable under Section 120-B. Conspiracy consists in combination and agreement by persons to do some illegal act or to effect a legal purpose by illegal means. Image Source: 3.bp.blogspot.comIn order to constitute the offence of abetment by conspiracy there must be a combining together of two or more persons in the conspiracy and an act or illegal omission must take place in pursuance of that conspiracy and in order to the doing of that thing. ADVERTISEMENTS: It is not necessary that the act abetted should be committed, or that the effect requisite to constitute the offence…