Category: Essays

The outer ear collects sounds, the middle ear amplifies it and the inner ear transduces it. We shall now discuss each of these three parts in brief. (i) External Ear: The external or outer ear consists of three parts, the pinna, the auditory canal or meatus, and the ear drum. The pinna collects the sound waves which travel through a small air-filled duct, called the auditory canal to the ear­drum. image source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: The ear-drum is a thin membrane located at the end of the canal and it makes the inner boundary of the external ear. (ii) Middle Ear: The middle ear consists of three tiny bones called the ossicles. These bones are connected like a series of levers. Hence, the energy is mechanically transmitted and the amplification takes…

Once the topic for research is selected, research can not immediately be started unless the specific research problem is formulated. It is investigated by scientific methods. Needless to say that the formulation of enquiry must recognize some difficulty whether it is practical or theoretical. image source: irf-info.comIt is the difficulty or problem which guides our search for some order among the facts in terms of which the difficulty is to be removed. In fact, the formulation of a research problem is more important than its solution. However, every problem is not a research problem. ADVERTISEMENTS: R. L. Merton has discussed the following three principal components of a research problem:1. Originating the questions2. Rationale of questions3. Specifying questions. 1. The Originating Question: ADVERTISEMENTS: The questions represent the beginning of certain difficulties…

Legal Provisions of Section 347 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act:Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act has been made a punishable offence under this section. The section states that whoever wrongfully confines any person for the purpose of extorting either from him, or from any person who is interested in the person who has been confined, any property or valuable security or of constraining the person confined or any person interested in him either to do anything illegal or to give any information which may facilitate the commission of an offence, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to three years, and shall also be liable to fine. Image Source: pearlsofprofundity.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS:…

Legal Provisions of Section 331 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property:This section punishes voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property. The section is similar to the preceding section but is more serious in nature since in section 330 hurt is caused voluntarily while under this section grievous hurt is caused voluntarily, and that is why the offence under this section is punished more severely. Image Source: flooddamagemiami.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The section says that whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt for the purpose of extorting any confession or any information, either from the sufferer or from any person who is interested in the sufferer, which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or…

Legal Provisions of Section 335 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation:Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation has been made a punishable offence under this section. The section states that whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation shall, if he has no intention to cause grievous hurt to any person other than the giver of the provocation or he does not know himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt to any person other than the giver of the provocation, be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to four years, or with fine extending up to two thousand rupees, or with both. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The explanation attached to the section explains that sections 334…

Legal Provisions of Section 356 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person:This section punishes assault or use of criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property wore or carried by a person. The section says that whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, in his attempt to commit theft of any such property which that person is then wearing or carrying, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to two years, or with fine, or with both. Image Source: courthouseconcepts.barrybelford.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The assault or use of criminal force must be in attempting to commit theft of such property which the victim must be wearing or carrying at that moment.…

Legal Provisions of Section 334 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation:This section makes voluntarily causing hurt on grave and sudden provocation a punishable offence. It says that whoever voluntarily causes hurt on grave and sudden provocation, shall if he has no intention to cause hurt to any person other than the one who gave him the provocation or he does not know himself to be likely to cause hurt to any person other than the one who gave him the provocation, be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to one month, or with fine extending up to five hundred rupees, or with both. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: This is a diminished responsibility provision with respect to sections 323 and 324 of the…

Legal Provisions of Section 322 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing grievous hurt:This section defines the offence of voluntarily causing grievous hurt. It says that whoever voluntarily causes hurt, if the hurt which he has intention to cause is grievous hurt or if the hurt which he has knowledge to be likely to cause is grievous hurt, and if the hurt, which has been caused by him is grievous hurt, is said ‘voluntarily to cause grievous hurt’. In other words, the offender must voluntarily cause hurt, if his intention is to cause grievous hurt or if he has knowledge that he is likely to cause grievous hurt, and if the hurt caused by him is grievous hurt, then the offender is said voluntarily to cause grievous hurt. Image Source: tnp.sg…

Legal Provisions of Section 325 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt:This section prescribes punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt. It says that except in the case provided under section 335, whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Section 335 to which this section does not apply punishes voluntarily causing grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation. This section punishes the offence described under section 322 of the Code. Image Source: free.loveislonely.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Where the medical evidence showed that the deceased was attacked on the forehead by a lathi and the external and internal injury could not be correlated, the accused could be convicted under section…

The Methods which are used in the Research of Verbal Learn­ing are listed below: (1) Free Recall: The simplest way of testing the effects of subjects studying some sort of verbal materials is to ask for free recall. Free recall is a way of saying that subjects can recall the items presented to them in any order they wish. The way in which they actually recall the material depends upon the material. Murdock found that the probability of recall of individual items in a list is a function of their position in the list. image source: newshour-tc.pbs.org ADVERTISEMENTS: He found that items in the end of the list were recalled better (Recency effect) and those at the beginning of the list next (Primacy effect). The items in the middle of…