Category: Essays

(1) Where the several Courts having jurisdiction are subordinate to the same appellate Court, an application under section 22 shall be made to the appellate Court.(2) Where such Courts are subordinate to different appellate Courts but to the same High Court, the application shall be made to the said High Court.(3) Where such Courts are subordinate to different High Courts, the application shall be made to the High Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the Court in which the suit is brought is situate. Image Source: veronicaforand.com ADVERTISEMENTS: An application under section 22 is to be made to the appellate court where the several courts having jurisdiction are under the same court of appeal or to the High Court where the several courts are under the same High…

Masud (1030-1040 A.D.) The empire of Mahmood was so vast that it was very difficult to control it efficiently. He knew this fact very well. He, therefore, divided his vast empire into two parts even in his life time and gave one to his son Masud and the other to Muhammad. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.orgHowever, after his death a conflict took place between the two brothers in which Masud achieved success. He blinded and imprisoned Muhammad. Masud was a worthy son of a worthy father. Dr. Ishwari Prasad has written about him, “He was a true son of his father, full of ambition, courage and war-like zeal.” He got the blessings of the contemporary Khalifa and ruled for about ten years. ADVERTISEMENTS: Although Masud was quite powerful and courageous, he was…

ABO Blood GroupingA person’s ABO blood group-A, B, AB, or O—is based on the presence or absence of the A and B antigens on his red blood cells. ADVERTISEMENTS: The A blood type has only the A antigen and the B blood type has only the B antigen. The AB blood type has both A and B antigens, and the O blood type has neither A nor B antigen.By the time a person is six months old, he naturally will have developed antibodies against the antigens his red blood cells lack.That is, a person with A blood type will have anti-B antibodies, and a person with B blood type will have anti-A antibodies.A person with AB blood type will have neither antibody, but a person with O blood type will…

Cheating 1. Cheating is explained in Ss. 415-420. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. The wrong-doer deceives a person fraudulently or dishonestly and induces the person deceived, and obtains the property.3. The wrong-doer obtains the property by cheating and enjoys it. image source: goodenoughmother.com4. After the property passed into the hands of the wrong-doer, he may do efforts for enhancing the value of it, and improve it.5. The aim of the wrong-doer is to have the property by deceitful and fraudulent manners, and to enjoy it. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. By cheating, individual persons and properties are affected.7. Illustrations: [Write Illustrations appended to Sec. 415.]Mischief:1. Mischief is explained in Ss. 425-440. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. The accused causes wrongful loss or damage to the public or to any person.3. The wrong-doer causes destruction of the property.4. The wrong-doer…

Cheating:1. Cheating is explained in Ss. 415-420. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. In cheating, the wrong-doer deceives any person dishonestly and fraudulently and induces such person to deliver any property. The wrongdoer may include the deceived person to do or omit an act.3. The act of cheating starts from inducing and ends when the wrong-doer obtains the property. image source: natcom.org4. Cheating may be done by any person.5. Cheating can be played against immovable property only. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. In cheating, property is removed from the possession of the owner by the cheater.7. Illustrations: [Write the illustrations of Sec.Criminal Breach of Trust:1. Criminal Breach of Trust is explained in Ss. 405-409. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. In trust, the owner of the property entrusts the property to the wrong-doer having “trust” and belief in him.3. The act…

Where five or more persons had committed or attempted to commit a robbery, it is called dacoity A robbery is committed by one to four persons and having the ingredients of S. 389 is a robbery.When five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to commit a robbery, and persons present and aiding such commission or attempt amount to five or more, every person so committing, attempting or aiding is called “Dacoity”. The main difference between robbery and dacoity is the number of the accused participated in the offence.Dacoity: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Section 391 defines “Dacoity”.2. Dacoity is the aggravated form of Robbery.3. The main difference between Robbery and Dacoity is number of participants in committing…

Assault:1. Assault is defined in Sec. 351 I.P.C. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. There is no physical contact in an assault.3. It is an ‘attempt’ to commit force/criminal force. image source: baytoday.ca4. Every assault may not include force/criminal force.5. An assault is an over act indicating an immediate to commit force/criminal force coupled with the capacity of carrying out the intention into effect. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. In order to constitute an assault it is also necessary that the person so assaulted must, on reasonable grounds, believe that the person assaulting has the ability to apply the force/criminal force so attempted by him,7. Throwing the water upon a person is an assault.8. Assault is a lesser form of offence, comparing with force/criminal force.9. Illustrations: [write illustrations of see. 351]. ADVERTISEMENTS: Force/Criminal Force:1. Force is explained…

Giving False Evidence:1. In this, only the general intention is sufficient. It is defined in Sec. 191. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. In this, the offence is committed by a person who is legally bound by an oath to state the truth.3. In this, the false statement need not be on any material point. image source: pocketperspectives.files.wordpress.com4. The effect of evidence of the person who is to form an opinion upon the evidence in a proceeding is immaterial in false evidence.5. There should be a proceeding being conducted in the case of false evidence. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. Illustrations: [Write the illustrations of Sec. 191.]Fabricating False Evidence:1. In this case, particular intention is essential, viz., to cause a person in a proceeding to entertain an erroneous opinion by causing any circumstance to exist or making…

There are several similarities between nuisance and trespass. Both of them unlawfully interfere with a person’s use or enjoyment of land, or some right over, or in connection with. However, there are differences between them, which are given as under: Nuisance 1. Nuisance is an indirect interference with the plaintiffs property. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. It is created by some intangible objects such as gas, noise, smell, smoke, pollution, vibrations, electricity, etc.3. It interferes the plaintiffs use or enjoyment of land or property. image source: i.ytimg.com4. A plants a tree in his own land. The tree grows, and its branches and roots spread into the land of B. It is nuisance.5. A’s building has become ruinous, and it may collapse at any time and fall upon B’s house. A and B notice…

When anti-coagulated blood is centrifuged at a standard speed, erythrocytes, which are heavier than white cells and plasma, will settle down at bottom. This red cells volume is known as Haematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Source Image:cnx.org/Haematocrit or PCV is the volume of red cells expressed as a percentage of whole blood. ADVERTISEMENTS: Methods:There are two methods, used for the determination of haematocrit:1. Macrohaematocrit2. Microhaematocrit Macrohaematocrit: ADVERTISEMENTS: A large volume of blood is required in this method. Approximately 2 to 4 ml is required.Principle:Anticoagulated blood is taken in a Wintrobe tube. Fill upto the uppermost mark and then rotate for desired length of time.The packed cell volume (PCV) of red cells is directly read from the graduated tube as %. ADVERTISEMENTS: Requirement: 1. Blood specimen: EDTA or double oxalated…