Category: Essays

In shotgun method gene cloning is a general one and not specific. As the genes to be cloned are not identified and isolated before, the chances of inserting a particular gene by this method are very rare.Another specific method of isolating gene is to first obtain the messenger RNA transcribed by that particular gene and then obtain DNA from mRNA. DNA from mRNA can be obtained by the following two methods: Image Source: i.huffpost.com 1. Hybridization method: ADVERTISEMENTS: When DNA transcribes and forms mRNA a complex is formed. The hybridization method depends on this mechanism.At the first step the total DNA from an organism is isolated and treated with heat or alkali to convert it into a single stranded form.These single strands are then mixed with the specific mRNA obtained…

Described first by Camillo Golgi in 1890 in the nerve cells of barn owl, the Golgi complex has attracted the attention of cell biologists not only by its complex structure but also by its varied functions.In fact Golgi complex was observed earlier by St George in 1865 itself. Nassonov (1923) and Bowen (19229) established the secretary function in the Golgi apparatus. Image Source: odermatol.com 1. Terminoloy: ADVERTISEMENTS: Various terms have been employed to refer to the Golgi complex. Baker (1953) described them as Lipochondria as they have high lipid content. Golgi complex found in plant cell is often refered to as Dictyosomes. 2. Occurrence and distribution: All the eukaryotic cells have a golgi complex which is absent in prokaryotic cells. Even in eukaryotic cells of some fungi, spenrmatozoids of bryophytes…

The frequency of cross between genes is basically dependent upon the distance between the two, but a number of other genetic, environmental and physiological factors are known to affect the frequency of cross over.The following are some of them: 1. Sex of the organism: In certain individuals, cross over may be reduced, suppressed or even totally eliminated altogether. The following table gives a comparison between the male and female individuals of a species with regard to the frequency of cross over. Image Source: psdgraphics.com 2. Age of the organism: ADVERTISEMENTS: Bridges (1917) in his studies on Drosophila has shown that with the increasing age in the flies, the frequency of cross over particularly of those genes close to centromere would be substantially reduced. 3. Temperature: The rate of cross over…

Any police officer may seize any property which may be alleged or suspected to have been stolen, or which may be found under circumstances which create suspicion of the commission of any offence [S. 102(1)]. Such police officer, if subordinate to the officer in charge of a police station, shall forthwith report the seizure to that officer. [S. 102(2)].Every police officer acting under sub-section (1) shall forthwith report the seizure to the Magistrate having jurisdiction and where the property seized is such that it, cannot be conveniently transported to the Court “or where there is difficulty in securing proper accommodation for the custody of such property, or where the continued retention of the property in police custody may not be considered necessary for the purpose of investigation”, he may give…

In what case a bail to be taken: Section 436, Cr.P.C. lays down that where an arrested person is accused of a bailable offence, he shall be released on bail at any time while in custody, if he is prepared to give bail, provided that the officer-in-charge of a police station detaining him without a warrant, or the court may, instead of taking bail from such person, discharge him on his executing a bond without sureties for his appearance.In every bailable offence bail is granted to the accused as a matter of right and not as a matter of favour. In such cases there is no question of discretion in granting bail, as the words of Section 436 are imperative. All that the court can do is to demand a…

Wherever an executive Magistrate receives information that any person: (i) is likely to commit a breach of the peace or disturb the public tranquility, or (ii) to do any wrongful act affecting peace and public tranquility, he may, if in his opinion there is sufficient ground for proceeding, require such person to show cause why he should not be ordered to execute a bond with or without sureties for keeping the peace for such period not exceeding one year. (Section 107). Two things are necessary to warrant an action under this section.—(i) Information should be laid before an executive Magistrate, and ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) The Magistrate should be satisfied that there is sufficient ground for proceeding.Section 107 (2) lays down that proceedings under this section may be taken before any executive…

The water and solute content of body fluids is regulated by the kidney. This function of regulation of osmotic concentration of blood by the kidney is called osmoregulation.When an animal takes in large amount of water, as in freshwater fishes, the urine passed out of the body is hypotonic (more dilute than the blood plasma).In animals like reptiles and birds that live in areas with scarce water condition, urine passed out of the body is hypertonic (more concentrated than the blood plasma). This reduces the water loss from the body. Image Source: cdn.shareyouressays.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In human beings, the kidney is extremely flexible in its working. Generally in summer when most of water is lost from the body by perspiration, the urine passed out is hypertonic. However, in winter as there…

Hearing: Pinna collects and amplifies sound waves which then pass along the auditory canal to the eardrum.i. Sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations in its thin stretched membrane. The eustachian tube equalizes air pressure on either side of eardrum which allows a free vibration. ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. The vibrations reach ear ossicles in the middle ear. Ear ossicles transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the denser fluid in the inner ear.iii. The lever-like action of malleus and incus magnifies the vibrations of the stapes. Image Source: endoplasmiccurriculum.files.wordpress.comiv. The vibrating stapes transmits vibrations to the membrane of the oval window.v. Vibrations from oval window get transmitted to cochlea. This leads to vibration in the fluid of cochlear canals. ADVERTISEMENTS: vi. Vibration of fluid in cochlear canals triggers movement of sensory…

Antiseptics reduce the possibility of infection, or putrefaction by germs.Some common antiseptics are: Antiseptic i. Methylated Spirit or Alcohol: Used to disinfect the skin before injections are given. ii. Boric Acid: ADVERTISEMENTS: Used to treat yeast infections, and also used in creams for burns. iii. Hydrogen Peroxide: Used as very dilute solution to clean wounds and ulcers. iv. Iodine: Used as a pre- and post-operative antiseptic. v. Phenol Compounds: Used as a scrub’ for pre­operative hand cleansing. Used in the form of a powder as an antiseptic baby powder. Also used in mouthwashes. vi. Sodium Chloride: ADVERTISEMENTS: Used as a general cleanser. Sodium hypochlorite, Lyzol, Benzoic acid, mercurochrome in dilute solution are also used as antiseptic. Disinfectants: Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens and bathrooms to kill…

Some of the many arguments against Mill’s Utilitarianism are given below: (1) Arguments against hedonism: Mill’s theory being hedonistic, all the arguments against Hedonism apply to it Hedonism becomes partial due to its excessive emphasis only on the sentiment aspect of human life. In the overall or complete satisfaction of the self, the satisfaction of both reason and feeling is necessary. Image Source: fixquotes.com (2) Difference between Pleasure and happiness: ADVERTISEMENTS: Mill treated happiness as the ultimate goal but then made a blunder by calling it pleasure. There is difference between pleasure and happiness. According to Dewey, “Pleasure is transitory and relative, enduring while some specific activity endures, and having reference only to that activity.Happiness is permanent and universal. It results only when the act is such a one as…