Category: Business

Here is your Essay on the Origin of Police System !The police are primarily concerned with the maintenance of law and order and security of person and property of individuals. Of late, police duties have increased enormously and are becoming more and more diversified. image source: shaktivahini.org ADVERTISEMENTS: The modern police must protect the public against physical dangers, rescue lives, regulate traffic and preserve law and order in the streets and public places. It also has a definite duty with regard to the prevention of juvenile delinquency and atrocities against women, children and weaker sections of the society.Any discussion on ‘police’ will remain incomplete without a word about the historical origin and evolution of this institution. Originally, the word ‘police’ was used in a wider sense to connote the management…

Factors which affects the delegation of authority can be discussed under the head of delegation delegated and organisation factors: Factors in Delegator (Superior): The qualities of superior managers play an important part in determining the kind of functional and social equilibrium that will be achieved in the superior subordinate relationships and consequently the delegation of authority. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A Superior Manager is likely to delegate less authority in the following situations: Maintenance of Tight Control: A manager does not delegate authority because he wants to maintain tight control over the operations assigned to him. He likes to be the busy and security created by work piled high on his desk.Doing tangible work is a pleasurable activity, whereas spending one’s time, thinking, planning and other less tangible is a…

The degree of delegation of authority is also determined by the qualities of subordinates. While superior perception about the qualities of subordinates plays an important role in delegation of authority, subordinates themselves affect the degree of delegation of authority. Image Source: 2012books.lardbucket.orgThey affect the delegation in several ways. First, some subordinates have more capability to assume more responsibility. Since responsibility and authority go together, competent subordinates may get more authority. Second, the delegation of authority is formal and institutional but its exercise is personal. ADVERTISEMENTS: Thus competent subordinate may assume and exercise more authority than others although working within the context of same set of delegation.In the following situations, however, subordinates are expected to exercise less authority:1. When they lack self-confidence;2. When they lack resources; ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. When they have…

Co-ordination to be effective has to be concerned with policy, programme as well as personalities. And its achievements may require as Dr. White has said, “the most delicate insights, the most mature wisdom, and perception of a truly artistic quality”. Image Source: ccs.fau.eduIt has to depend not only on formal media but also on informal ones. In fact, the informal means are often more effective than the formal. Among the formal means of co-ordination the more important are: Planning: ADVERTISEMENTS: In large scale operations, planning of the programmes, personnel and operations before hand is very important. It is said of Napoleon that before winning his battles on the battle field he used to win them on a piece of paper in his drawing-room.A well-chalked-out plan will predetermine the places of…

Following are the merits and Demerits of line and staff organisation: Merits: (a) The work of the line officers is considerably reduced with the help of staff officers. Technical problems and specialised matters are undertaken by the staff, and the routine administrative matters are the concern of line officers. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) As the work under this type of organisation is carried out by experts, they constantly undertake the research and experimentation for the improvement of product. New and economical means of production are developed with the help of research and experimentation.(c) It has been observed that staff services have proved an excellent training medium for line officers.(d) There is a greater scope of growth and expansion of the enterprise as assistance and advice of staff specialists is…

Measures for effective delegation are given below:Effective delegation denotes distribution of authority at various points of the organisation so that managers can take actions according to their responsibility. Responsibility for adequate delegation of authority lies mostly with superiors, particularly with top management. Following are some measures which will help in making delegation more effective. Image Source: i.ytimg.com Making the Potential Delegator Feel Secure: Typically the non-delegator is a hard worker, fully competent, but he may feel insecure in his job. This is partially the reason why he surrounds himself with less competent people or in any event those who lack the courage to challenge him. ADVERTISEMENTS: He wants to continue as the unchallenged superior and to be looked upon as a necessary man in the organisation team. Therefore, there is…

Limitations of authority are given below:In an organisation, the quantum of authority decreases at successively town levels, it is maximum at the highest level and minimum at the lowest. The authority is not-absolute. The authority enjoyed by an organisation exercised subject to various social, legal, political and economic factors. Similarly, the use of authority by a superior over his subordinates is restricted by various factors. These factors are: Image Source: 3.bp.blogspot.com ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. The authority is exercised with regard to mores and folk ways of the group concerned. The use of authority generates different reactions from various groups. The authority must be exercised keeping in view the group’s fundamental social’ belief, codes, creeds and habits otherwise the effective exercise of authority is limited.2. There are biological limits on authority. Human…

Principals of delegation subordinate are given below:Delegation should be based on results expected from a position in the organisation. Since authority is intended to achieve certain outcomes in the organisation, it should be adequate to achieve those outcomes. Image Source: power2transform.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A manager is expected to perform better if he knows what he has to contribute and he has commensurate authority for that. Delegation by results expected implies that planning exercise has been taken and goals for each position has been set, communicated and properly understood by those who are responsible for achieving these goals.Often managers fail to delegate adequately because either they have very vague idea about the contributions of their subordinates or they just do not bother to determine whether the subordinates have authority to do the…