Category: Tech & Engineering

The disks used by large computers- mainframes, super-minis, and super­computers- are commonly 14-inch-diameter aluminium platters that are coated on both sides with a magnetizable substance such as ferrous oxide.Records are stored in concentric rings, or tracks. Characters are repre­sented by binary bits, which appear as magnetic fields on the tracks. Each track may consist of several records. ADVERTISEMENTS: On most disk systems that serve large computers, each track is designed to carry the same total amount of data even though the tracks near the outer edge are much longer than those nearer the center and move past the read/write heads faster.This design constraint keeps the data transfer rate constant throughout the system, independent of the location of the track being accessed. The number of tracks per disk varies among manufacturers,…

RAM :Primary memory is commonly referred to by the acronym RAM, which stands for random access memory. Random access means that the storage has addresses and, therefore, the computer system can go to the programs and data it wants directly. ADVERTISEMENTS: This is in contrast to sequential access, where the computer system must check each storage location in turn. The term RAM can be slightly misleading in studying computers. Some kinds of secondary storage devices also have random access capabilities.One of the most important traits of primary memory is that it is temporary- ‘ When the CPU finishes with one set of data and programs in primary memory, it writes another set in its place. In order to be used again, programs 1 and data must be kept in secondary…

Input and output equipment allows people and computers to communicate. Input devices convert data and programs that humans can understand into a form the computer can comprehend.These devices translate the letters, numbers, and other natural-language symbols that humans conventionally use in reading and writing into the configurations of 0 and 1 bits that the computer uses to process data. ADVERTISEMENTS: Output devices, on the other hand, convert the strings of bits the computer uses back into natural- language form to make them understandable to humans. These devices produce output for screen display, output onto paper or film, and so forth.The equipment we are about to discuss can be classified in a number of ways. Some of it is peripheral equipment. These are input or output devices that are normally under…

A research report forms a channel of communication between the research findings given by researcher on the one hand and the readers of the report on the other hand and effective communication of research findings to the readers is the basic task of the research report.Hence researcher should keep in mind the following precautions while preparing the research report:1. The length of the report should be kept keeping in view the fact that it should cover the subject in length but it should be short enough to maintain the interest of readers. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. The report should not be dull. It should be such as to sustain one’s interest.3. The report should possess the features of simplicity and avoiding vagueness.4. Readers of the report are more interested in acquiring a…

The following studies conducted reveal the extent to which there are racial differences in intelligence. (1) Brigham: Reported the following experi­mental data regarding the scores by Foreign-born recruits in U.S. Army-during World War I; the Poles, the Italians, the Russians, the Greeks have a low score, the English, the Scotch, the Germans, and the native born American, have high score.He however, later repudiated his own hypothesis on account of statistical inconsistencies. Image Source: bigleaguedreams.files.wordpress.com (2) Klinebeig: ADVERTISEMENTS: From his studies of rural and urban people of German and France and Italy revealed that differences between races or nations are not so great as are the differences between individuals within a single race or country. (3) Negroes in America: Belonging to the Northern part either score high or equivalent to white…

Procedure for Preparation of Quality Plans in Civil Engineering are described below: 1. Purpose: The purpose of this procedure is to establish a method of preparing work instructions, quality plan and inspection and test plan for all the work activities where the absence of such instruction would adversely affect quality.The objective of a Work Instruction is to describe in detail how a specific activity is to be undertaken and to define the standards of acceptability for the product or service. Image Source: pitchcoach.co.uk 2. Scope and Responsibility: ADVERTISEMENTS: All the activities that required writing an instruction to comply with the quality standards in accordance with the specified requirements since work instructions are practical documents; these shall be generated in the area of use by the senior responsible person.It shall be…

Hypotheses are of different types and kinds and it is not easy to develop a good hypothesis. But a question arises as to what is its utility in social research. There is not one but many advantages of hypothesis in social research. These are:1. It is with the help of hypothesis, that it becomes easy to decide as to what type of data is to be collected and what type of data is simply to be ignored. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Hypothesis makes it clear as what is to be accepted, proved or disproved and that what is the main focus of study.3. It helps the investigator in knowing the direction in which he is to move. Without hypothesis it will be just duping in the dark and not moving in the…

Hunting-Gathering is generally considered that earliest stage in the social evolution of human groups for which evidence for organized community life appears with regularity. The bulk of this evidence is archaeological in nature and it is supplemented by anthropological data. Records of the any other kind, with the exception of painted depictions of community life, are not available.The archaeological evidence, it must be said, is rich and is quite useful in reconstructing an account of the hunting gathering stage of society. The archaeological method accounts for both ethnographic connotation and technological context and thus helps us understand the features of hunting-gathering stage in a fairly detailed manner.The most plentiful material remains connected with hunting-gathering communities are stone tools and implements. In fact the other material, if any, might have been…