Category: Communications

There are many ways to classify computers. Virtually all modern computers are electronic. Three other ways to classify computers are according to whether they are digital or analog, central or specialized processors, or full- instruction-set or reduced-instruction-set processors.1. Digital versus Analog : ADVERTISEMENTS: A digital computer is one that counts; an analog computer is one that measures. Counting and measuring, which are the most basic types of computation, were with us long before computers existed.When we observe that there are 15 people in a room, for example, we are counting. Entities; such as people, books, and dollars are capable of being counted. Image Source:pluto.ksi.eduWhen we estimate that there are 10 gallons of fuel in a gas tank, on the other hand, we are measuring; there may actually be 10.0001,9.872, or…

9 Most Important Differences between Public Document’ and Private Document are: Public Document: 1. Sec. 74 defines what the Public documents are. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. All the public documents are kept in some special custody of the authority.3. Certified copies of the Public Documents shall be given to any person demanding it on paying prescribed fee. Image Source: 185.26.182.2194.Public documents are open to inspection to any person.5. Mode of proof: The mode of proving public documents has been provided in Sections from 76 to 78. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. A public document is one prepared by a Public servant in discharge of his public-official duties.7. Certified copies of the public document can be received in evidence and without proof.8. Examples: Documents forming the Acts, or records of the Act, of the sovereign authority,…

Legal provisions regarding summons to produce document or other thing under section 91 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.(1) Whenever any Court or any officer in charge of a police station considers that the production of any document or other thing is necessary or desirable for the purposes of any investigation, inquiry, trial or other proceeding under this Code by or before such Court or officer, such Court may issue a summons, or such officer a written order, to the person in whose possession or power such document or thing is believed to be, requiring him to attend and produce it, or to produce it, at the time and place stated in the summons or order. Image Source: patrickhubbardlaw.com(2) Any person required under this Section merely to produce a…

Admissions in civil cases, when relevant:In civil cases no admission is relevant, if it is made either upon an express condition that evidence of it is not to be given, or under circumstances from which the Court can infer that the parties agreed together that evidence of it should not be given. Image Source: izokey.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Explanation:Nothing in this section shall be taken to exempt any barrister, pleader, attorney or vakil from giving evidence of any matter of which he may be compelled to give evidence under section 126.Comments: Principle: ADVERTISEMENTS: Section 23 is applicable only to civil cases and gives effect to the maxim, interest reiplicae ut sit finis litium. It means that in the interest of the state there should be end of litigation. The section expressly provides…

Public documents:The following documents are public documents: Image Source: royalholiday.travel ADVERTISEMENTS: (1) Documents forming the acts, or records of the acts—(i) Of the sovereign authority,(ii) Of official bodies and tribunals, and(iii) Of public officers, legislative, judicial and executive, of any part of India or of the Commonwealth, or of a foreign country; ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) Public records kept in any State of private documents.Comments: The Evidence Act has divided documents into two categories, namely—(1) Public documents, and (2) Private documents. What is a public document has been defined in Section 74, Section 75 provides that which are not public documents are private documents. Sections 76 to 78 deal with method of proof of public documents. Public documents: ADVERTISEMENTS: Section 74 provides that following documents are public documents:(i) The Acts or records…

Professional Communications:No barrister, attorney, pleader or vakil shall at any time be permitted, unless with his client’s express consent, to disclose any communication made to him in the course and for the purpose of his employment as such barrister, pleader, attorney or vakil, by or on behalf of his client, or to state the contents or condition of any document with which he has become acquainted in the course and for the purpose of his professional employment, or to disclose any advice given by him to his client in the course and for the purpose of such employment: Image Source: democraticvoices.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Provided that nothing in this section shall protect from disclosure:—(1) Any such communication made in furtherance of any illegal purpose;(2) Any fact observed by any barrister, pleader, attorney…

Official communications:No public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made to him in official confidence, when he considers that the public interests would suffer by the disclosure. Image Source: assets.nydailynews.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Comments: Principle:Section 124 lays down that a public officer cannot be compelled to disclose any communication made to him in confidence, if he considers that the public interest will suffer by such disclosure. This section is mainly confined to public officers. Any communication made to public officer in confidence is the essence of the section and its disclosure may lead to great public injury. Every citizen has a right to know how the State is functioning and why the State is withholding such information in such matters. The privilege extends only to communication upon the subject with respect…