Category: United States

Short Essay on American Police Force !Before United States came under the influence of the Britain, the civilians performed the function of night-watchman by rotation with a view to protecting the society from crimes and criminals. This watch and ward arrangement proved effective to control growing incidence of crime and disorder in rapidly expanding cities. Consequently, a regular police force was, established in New York in 1844.A regular police force was, however, set up in America by the Dougan Charter of 1886. The adoption of regular police in American cities did not prove very useful because of extremely low wages offered to policemen. An inclination towards violence was the main requirement for entry into the police force. The new police therefore, became pawns in the spoils system and shared in…

The chemical and biological weapons can be far more dangerous and suicidal for the lives of millions of people than nuclear weapons. The chemical and biological weapons stand in a class of their own, as they exercise their effect solely on living matter. The idea that bacteriological weapons could deliberately be used to spread diseases generated a sense of horror.The potential for developing an armory of chemical and bacteriological weapons has grown considerably in recent years; these weapons leave a lasting impact on humanity.Were these weapons ever to be used in a war no one could predict how enduring the effects would be and how they would affect the structure of society and the environment in which we live. Image Source: euractiv.com ADVERTISEMENTS: This overriding danger would apply as much…

Free sample essay on Democracy in India. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people.Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States of America, aptly defined democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people. This definition clearly underlines the basic tenet that, in this- form of government, people are supreme. The ultimate power is in their hands and they exercise it in the form of electing their representatives at the time of elections. In modern times this type of democracy, which is representative in nature, is most suitable. The other type, the direct democracy in which the people themselves enact and implement laws and…

The Union Legislature in the Indian Constitution is called Parliament. It consists of the President and two Houses of the Parliament. Like all other Federal Constitutions of the world, the Parliament of India is bicameral in structure. The two Houses of the Parliament are known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The President of India is a part and parcel of our Parliament. It is an imitation of British pattern where the King is a part of its Parliament. ADVERTISEMENTS: In the American Constitution the President is not a part of the Legislature as there is Presidential type of Government. But the general pattern of our Parliament in India is the same as that of the British Parliament. The Parliamentary system…

In its capacity as the guardian of the Constitution the Supreme Court of India possesses implied power to declare any Act of the Central or State Legislature or any decree of the Executive as ultra vires, if it does not conform to the provisions of the Constitution.The power of the Judiciary to review the Act of the Legislature or the Executive in order to determine its constitutional propriety is known as the “Doctrine of Judicial Review”. ADVERTISEMENTS: America is the classic home of judicial review. It was an extra constitutional growth in America. In the famous case of Marbury vs. Madison (1803) Chief Justice John Marshall of the United States emphatically pronounced the power of the Court to declare the act of the legislature as ultra vires.Marshall claimed this power…

The role of the Supreme Court is one of the utmost importance’s in our constitutional system. Its first and foremost duty is to see that laws are fairly administered and justice is not denied to any citizen by any Court in the country. It also acts as a unifying force.It maintains uniformity in constitutional, civil and criminal laws. Like other federal Courts it acts as the guardian of the Constitution. It is like “the cement which has fixed firm the whole of the federal structure. That is why it is expected to act as the balance-wheel of the Federation.It protects the rights and liberties of the people. The citizens expect the Courts to supply the deficiencies in our society. They certainly look to the Courts for the redress of any…

Unlike the United States of America with its Presidential Executive and the Swiss Confederation with its Collegiate Executive, the Indian Constitution proposes a Parliamentary system of Government for India.This is because of the British influence. The framers of the Constitution adopted the parliamentary form of Government because of our long association with Great Britain, the mother of Parliamentary System.The earlier Constitutional Acts of the British Government like the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 had already introduced a limited Parliamentary Government in India. ADVERTISEMENTS: Indian leaders who had been members of the Legislatures during the British rule had the experience of Parliamentary Government. Further, the Presidential form of Government was considered to be unsuitable for India as it might lead to establish dictatorship and authoritarian Government in our…

Short Essay on the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) – Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a process by which law could deliver justice to those who, on account of a variety of reasons, might not be able to approach the courts. Besides, it is also an effective tool to address the issues that affect us collectively but none of us in particular, like environmental pollution.Without access to justice neither the rule of law, nor democracy, nor equality is possible. But in a country like ours where a large number of people are illiterate and live below poverty line, rule of law and justice might become slaughter goats at the altar of socio-economic disabilities.It was in the United States of America where litigation in public interest started way back in the 1960s.…

Essay on the dropping of Atomic bomb on Japan. On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, on Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima had been almost eradicated with an estimated 70 – 80 thousand people killed.Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Since Japan was economically and militarily devastated by the late summer of 1945, the use of the atomic bombs on Japan was unnecessary and unwarranted in bringing about a conclusion to the war in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the U.S. forces had pushed the Japanese far back into their country, leaving them no access to any resources. Japanese cities and factories were being endlessly bombarded by American…

What habit is to the individual, usage is to the State; nations, like men, get into the habit of doing things in a given way. Habit then hardens into usage, which becomes difficult to change.The political customs and usages, which have their basis neither in laws nor in judicial decisions, are essential parts of the basic framework of the fundamental rules of the government in every country. They modernise, amend and democratise the otherwise rigid constitutions. ADVERTISEMENTS: But there are two considerations in this respect. The first is that customs play an important part in the case of old rather than of new constitutions. Secondly, customs develop and thrive in countries where the inhabitants cherish respect for the past and a higher regard for precedents. In India, there is no…