10Sep 2025 by user244
Courts and Law in the Ottoman Empire

Courts and Law in the Ottoman Empire

Asia
The Legal Mosaic of an Empire The Ottoman Empire, lasting from the late 13th century until the early 20th century, governed a vast and diverse realm stretching across Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Ruling over millions of subjects from different ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds, the Ottomans required a sophisticated system of law and justice to maintain order, balance authority, and integrate diversity. The Ottoman legal system was a mosaic, combining Islamic sharia, sultanic decrees known as kanun, and local customary laws. At the same time, its courts reflected the empire’s hierarchical and pluralistic structure, allowing Muslims, Christians, and Jews to live under a framework of relative autonomy while remaining loyal subjects of the sultan. This essay explores the Ottoman system of law and courts in depth,…
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09Sep 2025 by user244
American Women Pilots in World War II

American Women Pilots in World War II

United States
Breaking Barriers: The Emergence of Women Pilots in Wartime America The outbreak of the Second World War dramatically reshaped gender roles in the United States. While men enlisted in the armed forces, millions of women stepped into workplaces, factories, and even military-adjacent roles to fill the gap. Among these contributions, none were as groundbreaking—or as controversial—as the service of American women pilots. Before the war, women’s participation in aviation was limited. Figures such as Amelia Earhart had captured the imagination of the public, but women were often dismissed as hobbyists rather than serious aviators. Opportunities to fly professionally were scarce, and military service was entirely closed to them. Yet, as the United States mobilized for global conflict, the urgent need for trained pilots forced the military establishment to reconsider old…
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19Aug 2025 by user243

The Causes of the Cold War: Ideology, Security Dilemmas, and Misperceptions

History
The causes of the Cold War cannot be reduced to a single trigger. The conflict grew from ideological incompatibility, security dilemmas in a rapidly shifting post-1945 balance of power, and mutual misperceptions that hardened suspicion into policy. Together, these forces transformed uneasy wartime allies into enduring adversaries and shaped world politics for nearly half a century. Ideological Fault Lines After 1945 The Second World War ended with two victorious coalitions that never shared a common vision of the peace that should follow. On one side stood a United States committed—at least in its self-understanding—to liberal democracy, open markets, and a rules-based order that would bind power through institutions. On the other stood a Soviet Union forged by revolution, convinced that capitalism was crisis-prone and exploitative, and determined to secure socialism…
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04Dec 2018 by admin

Short Essay on American Police Force (256 Words)

United States
Short Essay on American Police Force !Before United States came under the influence of the Britain, the civilians performed the function of night-watchman by rotation with a view to protecting the society from crimes and criminals. This watch and ward arrangement proved effective to control growing incidence of crime and disorder in rapidly expanding cities. Consequently, a regular police force was, established in New York in 1844.A regular police force was, however, set up in America by the Dougan Charter of 1886. The adoption of regular police in American cities did not prove very useful because of extremely low wages offered to policemen. An inclination towards violence was the main requirement for entry into the police force. The new police therefore, became pawns in the spoils system and shared in…
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04Dec 2018 by admin

Essay on Volleyball (764 Words)

Canada
Here is your essay on Volleyball !Volleyball is a team game which has six players that play on either side of the net. A set of rules decide the score that each team is able to make against the other team. The game begins with a player from one team throwing the ball using hand or arm over the net so that the opposite team can receive it on their court.The basic rule is to prevent the received ball from hitting the ground so that it can be thrown back to the other team with up to 3 touches from the team. A foul happens if one person from the team touches the ball more than twice (double-hit) while it’s on their side of the net. Also, a team scores…
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03Dec 2018 by admin

Age and Sex Structure of Population of India – Essay

Asia
The composition of population according to age and/or sex is known as the age and sex structure. The universal characteristics of human populations are fundamental to understanding demographic processes of fertility, mortality and migration.Age composition may be summarized in terms of age groups (e.g., 0-15 years, 15-64 years and 65 or above).In India, the age groups are below 15, 15-59 and above 59, as the age of retirement in our country is generally 60 years. The sex ratio is most commonly expressed as the number of females per 1,000 males.One of the important aspects of the population study is the age composition. The age composition strongly influences the rate of growth and has profound effects on the social and economic conditions under which a population lives. ADVERTISEMENTS: Three basic determinants…
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29Nov 2018 by admin

The meaning and aim of comparative education– Essay

Canada
We have seen that Antoine Jullien started the study of comparative education. But now the scope of comparative education has been further enlarged.Within comparative education, we now make an analysis of educational systems of various countries in order to understand their educational problems with a view to find out solutions of one’s own educational problems.In this attempt, we also try to understand the philosophical background of the country concerned, as the same influences the educational system. There are certain foundations of education which are universal. When we talk of the philosophical background, it implies that we have to make a study of the same impartially. Image Source : maestrobytumlare.com ADVERTISEMENTS: We have already noted that political, cultural, social, religious and economic conditions influence the educational system of a country. Therefore,…
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27Nov 2018 by admin

Short Essay on the Banning of Chemical and Biological Weapons

United States
The chemical and biological weapons can be far more dangerous and suicidal for the lives of millions of people than nuclear weapons. The chemical and biological weapons stand in a class of their own, as they exercise their effect solely on living matter. The idea that bacteriological weapons could deliberately be used to spread diseases generated a sense of horror.The potential for developing an armory of chemical and bacteriological weapons has grown considerably in recent years; these weapons leave a lasting impact on humanity.Were these weapons ever to be used in a war no one could predict how enduring the effects would be and how they would affect the structure of society and the environment in which we live. Image Source: euractiv.com ADVERTISEMENTS: This overriding danger would apply as much…
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27Nov 2018 by admin

Anthropological Definitions and Classifications of the Population in India–Explained!

Asia
There are different ethnic elements in Indian population. As regards these ethnic elements opinions of anthropologists differ. In different times different anthropologists attempted to analyze the ethnic elements present in Indian population. Of these who have made note-worthy contribution on this aspect and are included in our syllabus, are Risley, Guha and Sarkar. 1. Classification of H. H. Risley (1915): According to Risley, Indian population can be classified in to following racial groups: (i) The Scythio-Dravidian: ADVERTISEMENTS: This type has medium to broad head, medium nose, fair complexion and scanty hair on face and body. They are medium-statured. They differ from the Turko Iranians in having larger heads, flatter faces, higher noses and shorter stature.This type is the result of an intermixture of two distinct racial elements, the Scythians and…
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27Nov 2018 by admin

Historical Patterns of Energy Consumption – Essay

Asia
The levels of energy consumption had remained confined to bare necessities and the possibilities of surplus retention were very limited. Most of the demands for energy by these societies were available in the form of food procurable locally.It was with the growth of agriculture on the one hand and the domestication of animals on the other hand that the need for newer sources of energy arose and the consumption of energy multiplied.The most important change was in the basic source of energy: manpower was gradually replaced, first by the power of draught animals. Donkey-driven mills were employed as early as the fifth century BC to crush ore from the silver mines at Laurion, and their use had extended to the grinding of corn in Greece by about 300 BC. Image…
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