Category: Essays

Fixed costs remain constant in total regardless of changes in volume of production and sales, upto a certain level of output.There is an inverse relationship between volume and fixed costs per unit. If volume of production increases, the fixed costs per unit decrease.Thus, total fixed costs do not change with a change in volume but vary per unit of volume inversely. Variable costs vary in total in direct proportion to changes in volume. Image Source : longtermcarenow.com ADVERTISEMENTS: An increase in the volume means a proportionate increase in the total variable costs and a decrease in volume results in a proportionate decline in the total variable costs. There is a linear relationship between volume and variable costs. They are constant per unit.Many costs fall between these two extremes. They are…

From DateTo The Divisional Engineer (Telegraphs),Re: Surrendering of my telephone No. ____________ ADVERTISEMENTS: Dear Sir,This is to inform you that my services have been transferred to____________ and accordingly I have to vacate the above rented house on____________ where the telephone No. ___________ has been installed. Under the circumstances, when I will not be needing the telephone connection at my residence any longer, I have no alternative but to surrender the same.I would, therefore, request you to arrange to take out the telephone instrument together with its accessories from my residence after disconnecting the line latest by ____________ and refund me the security deposit kept with your department before I proceed on transfer. ADVERTISEMENTS: Thanking you,Yours faithfully, (Your Name) Image Source: 9p5z91rxsag1usgoc1ctvupb.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com

To The S.D.O. The Public Water Supply Co. (Place Name)Sir,Our colony is suffering from a grave water shortage. Many residents do not have, even a bucket of water in the morning before going to work. ADVERTISEMENTS: Drinking water too is in short supply for the last one week and the water from the general supply, even when boiled, is not hygienic.Kindly send your staff to check the water pipe lines, which may be blocked and have them cleared. Thanking you,Yours sincerely, (Your Name) (Address) Image Source: static.dnaindia.com ADVERTISEMENTS:

Different kinds of excretory system in prawn are as follows: (a) A pair of antennary or green glands (b) A renal or nephroperitonial sac and ADVERTISEMENTS: (c) The integument. 1. Antennary glands: The coxa of each antenna encloses an opaque white structure of the size of a pea, called green gland. It has three parts, end sac, labyrinth or glandular plexus, and bladder. Image Source: 185.26.182.219 ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) End sac: It is bean shaped situated in the anterior part of the gland. Its cavity contains a large blood lacuna communicating with labyrinth by an aperture. The wall of end sac is double layered. Outer thick layer consists of connective tissue containing numerous small blood lacunae, while inner thin layer consists of large excretory epithelial cells. (b) Labyrinth: ADVERTISEMENTS: It lies…

Different compositions of cells in sycon are mentioned below: Sycon is diploblastic, (two germ layer present) the outer cellular layer is pinacoderm and inner cellular layer is choanoderm with an intermediate mesenchyme. Both the layers and mesenchyme have different composition of cells: 1. Pinnacoderm: ADVERTISEMENTS: We can divide pinacoderm into two types (i) Exopinacoderm or dermal epithelium makes the cover of entire body surface except dermal ostia and osculum. (ii) Endopinacoderm makes the epithelial lining of incurrent canals and spongocoel. Pinacoderm is composed of large, flattened, polygonal cells, the pinacocytes (Gr., pinako; plank + kytos, cell). Image Source: lh6.ggpht.com ADVERTISEMENTS: They have nucleus bulging out, and are highly contractile. They modify themselves according-to the place, where they are situated in size, shape and function. The lining of incurrent canal is…

Important external features of fasciola hepatica are given below: 1. Shape and Size: Fasciola is a dorso-ventrally flattened, soft, leaf like oval shaped endoparasite. It is about 1.8 to 3.0 cm long, with a maximum width of 0.4 to 1.5 cm. which is a little in front of the middle region of body. Anterior end is somewhat broad and rounded, while posterior end is bluntly pointed. Image Source: biologiklaten.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Colour of the body: Transparent body wall makes all the body organs to be visible. Due to this, the colour of the fluke appears pinkish. 3. Oral cone: ADVERTISEMENTS: Anterior end of body is drawn out into a prominent conical projection, termed the oral cone or head lobe. At the apex of cone, a triangular mouth is found. 4.…

Male and female reproductive system of fasciola hepatica Fasciola is monoecious and hermaphrodite. Gonads are well developed and open into a common chamber, genital atrium. It opens outside through gonopore. 1. Male Reproductive System ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) Testes: A pair of testes, tandemly arranged lie in the middle and posterior part of the body. Epithelium lining of testes gives rise to sperms. Image Source: studydroid.com (b) Vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles: ADVERTISEMENTS: Testes lead into sperm duct or vasa deferens. The two vasa diferentia run side-by-side anteriorly upto the level of acetabulum. Here they unite to form a large seminal vesicle for storage of sperms. (c) Cirrus sac: Anteriorly from seminal vesicle, arises a narrow and somewhat twisted, tube, the ejaculatory duct, which extends forward and enters a stout muscular and…

Alimentary canal:Ascaris has a straight alimentary canal from mouth to anus, consisting of mouth, pharynx, intestine and rectum. Image Source: siera104.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Important parts consist in the digestive system of ascaris1. Mouth:It is a triradiate aperture, guarded by three lips.2. Pharynx: ADVERTISEMENTS: This is short, cylindrical, thick walled and muscular pharynx. The wall of pharynx consists of a syncytial epithelium traversed by radial muscles and containing glands.Mouth and pharynx are lined internally by cuticle and ectoderm derived from embryonic stomodeum, and represents the foregut.The lumen of pharynx is triradiate, each ray is a deep groove divide the pharynx into three sectors- dorsal and two subventral.All the three sectors contain branched pharyngeal glands. Radial fibers of pharynx wall help in its expansion and marginal fibers help in preserving the triradiate form…

Important parts in the water vascular system or ambulacral system of asterias are listed below: (1) Madreporite: ADVERTISEMENTS: It is a thick sieve like calcareous plate situated on the aboral surface of the central disc. It bears as many as 250 minute pores on the surface and they lead into pore canals. All pore canals unite to form collecting canals within the substance of madreporite. Below the madreporite, collecting canal communicates with stone canal through ampulla. Image Source: 1.bp.blogspot.com (2) Stone canal: It is S-shaped tube, which opens on the oral side into a ring canal around the mouth. It is also known as madreporite canal. Its walls are supported by a series of calcareous rings, hence the name stone canal. Inner lining of the wall bears cilia or flagella,…

External features of palaemon or prawn of phylum arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum of the animal kingdom and crustacea is a large and important class of the phylum Arthropoda. It includes prawns, crabs, lobesters, shrimps, barnacles, water fleas and related forms. Image Source: 185.26.182.219 ADVERTISEMENTS: Habits and habitat : Palaemon or prawn, found in fresh water ponds, rivers and lakes. It is a nocturnal animal. It comes out at the water surface in the night in search of food. It is an omnivorous. It is an active swimmer and swims with the help of pleopods. It breeds from May to July. Shape and Size: ADVERTISEMENTS: Palaemon has elongated, spindle shaped, bilaterally symmetrical body. Different species have different sizes. P. malcomsonii (Macrobrachium malcomsonii) the giant prawn found in Tamilnadu,…