Category: Essays

Legal Provisions of Section 171 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent:This section penalises one who wears garb or carries token used by a public servant with fraudulent intent. It says that whoever, wears any garb or carries any token which has resemblance with any garb or token used by that class of public servants, even though he does not belong to that class of public servants, with the intention that it may be believed, or with the knowledge that it is likely to be believed, that he belongs to that class of public servants, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to three months, or with fine extending up to two hundred rupees, or…

Legal Provisions of Section 200 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Examination of complainant:The provisions of this section apply to cases when the Magistrates take cognizance of an offence on complaint under Section 190 (i) (a) of the Code. The object of examination of complainant under this section is three-fold, namely (1) to ascertain the facts constituting the offence or elucidate doubtful points therein (2) to ensure that innocent persons are not subjected to annoyance or police custody on frivolous charges, and (3) to make sure that there are substantial grounds calling for investigation and trial of the alleged charges. ADVERTISEMENTS: The Magistrate should take the cognizance of the offence first and thereafter proceed to examine the complainant and his witnesses on oath. It is only after this stage…

Legal Provisions of Section 142 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Being member of unlawful assembly: ADVERTISEMENTS: The section states as to who can be said to be a member of an unlawful assembly. It says that whoever intentionally joins an unlawful assembly or continues in it, being aware of facts which render such assembly an unlawful assembly, is said to be a member of an unlawful assembly. Intentional joining or continuing is necessary and that too when the offender knows that because of certain facts the assembly has become an unlawful assembly.The word “continues” means that member remains physically present as a member of such assembly. An assembly may initially have been harmless, but once it turns unlawful because of the presence of common object as enumerated under any clause of…

To understand the conception of coparce­nary it is necessary to note the distinction between ancestral and separate property. The property inherited by a Hindu from his father’s father and father’s is ancestral property. Property inherited by other relations is his separate property. The essential feature of ancestral property is that if that person inherit­ing it has sons, grandsons or great grandsons, they become joint owners with him. They become entitled to it by reason of their birth. Father, son, son’s and son’s son together constitute coparcenary, because they have common ownership in the ances­tral property. The conception of a joint Hindu family constituting a copar­cenary is that of a common male ancestor with his lineal descen­dants in the male line four degrees counting from and inclusive of such ancestor. No…

Legal Provisions of Section 97 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Search for persons wrongfully confined:Application of Section 97 is limited to persons who are wrongfully confined. Where a person is confined under such circumstances that the confinement amounts to an offence of wrongful confinement (Section 340, I.P.C.), a search warrant may be issued by District Magistrate, Sub-divisional Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class for the person so confined. Therefore, the warrant issued under this section is in the nature of a writ of habeas corpus for rescue of a wrongfully confined person by the police under an order of the Magistrate. ADVERTISEMENTS: Before issuing a warrant under this section, the Magistrate has to satisfy himself that a person has been wrongfully detained. However, this section does…

Legal Provisions of Section 78 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court: ADVERTISEMENTS: The section is a natural corollary to section 77 of the Code. It protects those who execute a judgment or order of the Court of Justice. The section says that whilst a judgment or order of a Court of Justice remains in force, anything done in pursuance of the same or warranted by the same is not an offence even if the Court may not have jurisdiction to pass such judgment or order provided the person who does the act believes in good faith that the Court did have such jurisdiction.The responsibility to prove good faith is on the accused and ‘good faith’ has the same meaning as given under…

Legal Provisions of Section 1 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Title and extent of operation of the Code: ADVERTISEMENTS: This section gives a name, the Indian Penal Code, to this Act and clearly states that the Code shall be in operation throughout India except in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. In that State another Code, the Ranbir Penal Code, is in existence. Many provisions of these two Codes are similar in nature.The expression ‘India’ has been defined in Section 18 of this Code as excluding the State of Jammu and Kashmir. According to Article 1 (1) of the Constitution of India, India shall be a Union of States. Article 1 (2) states that the States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule. Article 1 (3)…

This is also called recurrent crossing. Characters which are desirable are selectively transferred from one individual to the other in this method. For example, a trait such as disease resistance frost resistance etc.Present in a variety where the yield is not good are sought to be transferred on to a variety with a high yield but is easily susceptible for the disease. Back cross is done as follows.Let us assume plant A is a high yielding variety but susceptible to the disease and plant is hardy but with less yield. In order to bring together high yield as well as hardiness, the two plants are crossed and an F, progeny is obtained. Image Source: findyourtattoo.net ADVERTISEMENTS: F, individuals with both the desired traits (high yield and resistance) are selected and…

Consequences of new Cartesian sign convention:In new Cartesian sign convention, the poll P of the spherical mirror is taken as the origin and the principal axis of the mirror along the X-axis of the coordinate system. Keeping this in mind, we can easily note the following facts: (i) Object distance u is always taken negative, because the object is placed on the left of the mirror. ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) In case of a concave mirror, a real image is formed in front (left) of the mirror and a virtual image is formed behind (right of) the mirror, so image distance v is negative for a real image and positive for a virtual image.(iii) In case of a convex mirror, the image distance v is always positive because the image is formed…

Sec. 442 defines “House-trespass”.Sec. 442. House-trespass:Whoever commits criminal trespass by entering into or remaining in any building, tent or vessel used as a human dwelling or any building used as a place for worship, or as a place for the custody of property, is said to commit “house-trespass”. Image Source : fw008613-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Explanation:The introduction of any part of the criminal trespasser’s body is entering sufficient to constitute house trespass.Important Points: ADVERTISEMENTS: A. Ingredients: 1. Criminal trespass plus entering into a residential house is called house-trespass and is an essential ingredient of this offence.2. The property used as a human dwelling or any building used as a place for worship or as a place for the custody of the property is the subject matter of this offence.3. House-trespass is an…