Category: Essays

Here is your Essay on Mutualism for School and College Students!Mutualism is an obligatory interaction that is strongly bene­ficial to both species. The term symbiosis has often been applied to this relationship (i.e., mutualism), but symbiosis properly refers to intimate association of two or more dissimilar organisms, regard­less of benefits or the lack of them and hence includes mutualism, commensalism and parasitism (see Smith, 1974). image source: 12d38d224c2abe5fa63a-1db4ec0fed747b962fac0a483e2c9d9e.r18.cf2.rackcdn.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Mutualism may be facultative, when the species involved are capable of existence independent of one another, or obligate, when the relationship is imperative to the existence of one or both species.Mutualism in plants is demonstrated in the association of fungi and algae to form lichens, of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with the roots of legumes, and of fungal mycorrhizae with the roots of…

Difference between Costs and Compensatory Costs are as follows: Kinds of Costs: The Code of Civil Procedure provides for three kinds of costs namely:1. General Costs – Section 35, Order 20-A. Image Source: cdn.business2community.com ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Compensatory Costs for false or vexatious claims or defences – Section 35-A.3. Costs for causing delay – Section 35-B. General Costs: Sec. 35, C.P.C. stipulates the following condition- Section 35: ADVERTISEMENTS: (1) (a) the costs of and incident to all suits shall be in the discretion of the Court, and(b) the Court shall have full power to determine by whom or out of what property and to what extent such costs are to be paid, and(c) To give all necessary directions for the purposes of payment of costs,(d) The fact that the Court has…

The followings are the points of similarity between the Mitakshara and the Dayabhag concept of coparcenary:—(1) The concept of ancestral property is common in both the systems. According to the both systems it consists of property inherited from father, grandfather or great grandfather. Image Source: law2033.yolasite.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) A coparcenary does not start with females though in Dayabhag system, a female can become a coparcener.(3) The powers of Karta in a joint family are common both in the Mitakshara and Dayabhag laws.(4) Every adult coparcener can claim partition of the coparcenary property.(5) All such presumptions which are applied with respect to joint family and joint family property in the Mitakshara system are applied with respect to them in Dayabhag system also.

A guardian means a person who owns the responsibility to take care of the person of another or of his property, or of both. Section 4 of the Guardian and Wards Act also defines the term “guardian” in the same sense. Section 4(b) of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act defines the word “guardian” as follows:— Image Source: triblio.com“Guardian” means a person having the care of the person of a minor, or of his property, or of both his person and property and includes— ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) A natural guardian;(ii) A guardian appointed by the will of the minor’s father or mother(iii) A guardian appointed or declared by a court; and(iv) A person empowered to act as such by or under any enactment relating to any court of wards. ADVERTISEMENTS: Besides…

Modes of Execution of Decree for Restitution of Conjugal Rights are as follows:Order 21 Rules 32 and 33 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides for the execution of a decree for restitution of conjugal rights. Where the party against whom a decree for restitution of conjugal rights is passed, has an opportunity of obeying the decree and has wilfully failed to obey it, the decree may be enforced by attachment of his property or by his detention in civil prison or by both. Image Source: 1.bp.blogspot.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Where any attachment made under the circumstances, has remained in force for one year, and if the party has not obeyed the decree and the decree-holder has applied to sale of the attached property so that out of the proceeds of the…

As no man can be a Judge in his own cause, Section 479 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no Judge or Magistrate can try, or commit for trial, any case in which he is a party or in which he is personally interested. However, this disqualification is removed if the Judge or Magistrate does so with the permission of the Court to which an appeal lies from his Court. Likewise, no Judge or Magistrate can hear an appeal from any judgment or order passed or made by himself. Image Source: youthvoices.netIt is also clarified that a Judge or Magistrate cannot be deemed to be a party to, or personally interested in any case: ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) Merely because he is concerned therein in a public capacity; or(b) Merely…

Different Kinds of Communication in an organisation are as follows: Internal, external and Interpersonal: Communication can be classified in many ways. Communication in an organisation may be internal, external and interpersonal. Internal communication refers to the relations between the organisation and its employees. Image Source: images.flatworldknowledge.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The external communication refers to the relations of an organisation with the outside world and may be called public relations. Interpersonal communication refers to the relationship among the organisation employees. Upward and Crosswise: Communication has also been classified as downward, upward and crosswise. It has been classified according to its flow in various directions. Downward, communication flows from people at higher levels to those at lower levels in the organisational hierarchy.It is achieved through directives, manuals, written or verbal orders, instructions, explanations, etc.…

Responsibility and Delegation in administration are given below:A question arises whether responsibility can be delegated or not. The answer of this question can be found out be analysing how responsibility arises and what relationship exists between a superior and his subordinate. Responsibility arises basically from the superior-subordinate relationship. Image Source: media.execunet.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A superior is one who has effective authority over another and a subordinate is one who, is subject to this authority of superior. The authority flows from the superior to subordinate when duties are assigned to him and at the same time authority is given to him for the discharge of duties.The subordinate manager cannot carry all the duties and tasks and, therefore delegates to his subordinate.However, the relationship between the first subordinate and his superior is such…

Responsibility and Delegations are given below:Delegation takes place when a superior passes on to a subordinate a share of his over responsibility, together with the necessary authority to discharge the responsibility which was delegated. Image Source: power2transform.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The superior has certain objectives which he is charged with achieving. It is the portion of these objectives which he delegates to his subordinates. The superior also has the authority to get the job done, and he passes on part of this authority to the subordinate.Responsibility arises from the superior-subordinate relationship. A superior is one who has effective authority over another and a subordinate is one who is subject to the effective authority of another.The authority flows from the superior to a subordinate when duties are assigned, and responsibility is the obligation…

Legal provisions regarding alteration of charge by Court and the procedure thereafter under section 216 and 217 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.(1) Any Court may alter or add to any charge at any time before judgment is pronounced. ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) Every such alteration or addition shall be read and explained to the accused.(3) If the alteration or addition to a charge is such that proceeding immediately with the trial is not, likely, in the opinion of the Court, to prejudice the accused in his defence or the prosecutor in the conduct of the case, the Court may, in its discretion, after such alteration or addition has been made, proceed with the trial as if the altered or added charge had been the original charge. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org(4) If…