Category: Essays

Legal Provisions of Section 394 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery:Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery has been made punishable under this section. The section states that if any person, either in committing robbery or in attempting to commit the same, voluntarily causes hurt, such person and any other person who is jointly concerned in committing or attempting to commit such robbery, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. Image Source: media.graytvinc.com ADVERTISEMENTS: This section is applicable where committing robbery or attempting to commit robbery is a voluntary act and hurt is also caused voluntarily. The provision is applicable to the main accused as well as to…

Legal Provisions of Section 387 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion:Putting or attempting to put any person in fear of death or of grievous hurt in order to commit extortion has been punished under this section. The section states that whoever either puts or attempts to put any person in fear of either death or of grievous hurt to that person or to any other person, in order to the committing of extortion, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Image Source: f1.bcbits.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The use of the words ‘in order to the committing of extortion’ show that commission of extortion…

There is much difference in the scope and applicability of Section 34 and Section 149, I.P.C., though they have some resemblance and are to some extent overlapping. Image Source: images.flatworldknowledge.comSection 34 does not by itself create any offence, whereas Section 149 does. In a charge under Section 34 there is active participation in the commission of the criminal act, under Section 149 the liability arises by reason of the membership of the unlawful assembly with a common object, and there may be no active participation at all in the preparation or commission of the crime. ADVERTISEMENTS: Sections 34 and 149 —”Common object” and “Common intention” —Distinction: The principal element in Section 34 is the common intention to commit a crime. There is no question of common intention in Section 149.…

The outer ear collects sounds, the middle ear amplifies it and the inner ear transduces it. We shall now discuss each of these three parts in brief. (i) External Ear: The external or outer ear consists of three parts, the pinna, the auditory canal or meatus, and the ear drum. The pinna collects the sound waves which travel through a small air-filled duct, called the auditory canal to the ear­drum. image source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: The ear-drum is a thin membrane located at the end of the canal and it makes the inner boundary of the external ear. (ii) Middle Ear: The middle ear consists of three tiny bones called the ossicles. These bones are connected like a series of levers. Hence, the energy is mechanically transmitted and the amplification takes…

Once the topic for research is selected, research can not immediately be started unless the specific research problem is formulated. It is investigated by scientific methods. Needless to say that the formulation of enquiry must recognize some difficulty whether it is practical or theoretical. image source: irf-info.comIt is the difficulty or problem which guides our search for some order among the facts in terms of which the difficulty is to be removed. In fact, the formulation of a research problem is more important than its solution. However, every problem is not a research problem. ADVERTISEMENTS: R. L. Merton has discussed the following three principal components of a research problem:1. Originating the questions2. Rationale of questions3. Specifying questions. 1. The Originating Question: ADVERTISEMENTS: The questions represent the beginning of certain difficulties…

Legal Provisions of Section 347 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act:Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act has been made a punishable offence under this section. The section states that whoever wrongfully confines any person for the purpose of extorting either from him, or from any person who is interested in the person who has been confined, any property or valuable security or of constraining the person confined or any person interested in him either to do anything illegal or to give any information which may facilitate the commission of an offence, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to three years, and shall also be liable to fine. Image Source: pearlsofprofundity.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS:…

Legal Provisions of Section 331 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property:This section punishes voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property. The section is similar to the preceding section but is more serious in nature since in section 330 hurt is caused voluntarily while under this section grievous hurt is caused voluntarily, and that is why the offence under this section is punished more severely. Image Source: flooddamagemiami.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The section says that whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt for the purpose of extorting any confession or any information, either from the sufferer or from any person who is interested in the sufferer, which may lead to the detection of an offence or misconduct, or…

Legal Provisions of Section 335 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation:Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation has been made a punishable offence under this section. The section states that whoever voluntarily causes grievous hurt on grave and sudden provocation shall, if he has no intention to cause grievous hurt to any person other than the giver of the provocation or he does not know himself to be likely to cause grievous hurt to any person other than the giver of the provocation, be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to four years, or with fine extending up to two thousand rupees, or with both. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The explanation attached to the section explains that sections 334…

Legal Provisions of Section 356 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person:This section punishes assault or use of criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property wore or carried by a person. The section says that whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person, in his attempt to commit theft of any such property which that person is then wearing or carrying, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to two years, or with fine, or with both. Image Source: courthouseconcepts.barrybelford.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The assault or use of criminal force must be in attempting to commit theft of such property which the victim must be wearing or carrying at that moment.…

Legal Provisions of Section 334 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation:This section makes voluntarily causing hurt on grave and sudden provocation a punishable offence. It says that whoever voluntarily causes hurt on grave and sudden provocation, shall if he has no intention to cause hurt to any person other than the one who gave him the provocation or he does not know himself to be likely to cause hurt to any person other than the one who gave him the provocation, be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to one month, or with fine extending up to five hundred rupees, or with both. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: This is a diminished responsibility provision with respect to sections 323 and 324 of the…