Category: Essays

When an anti-coagulated blood is allowed to stand vertically, sedimentation of erythrocyte occurs. The rate, at which erythrocytes fall down, is known as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Source Image:d1ieb9vw5zjdt6.cloudfront.net/Principle: ADVERTISEMENTS: Anti-coagulated blood is taken in a tube and kept undisturbed in vertical position in a rack. This will allow the sedimentation of erythrocytes. After a specific time, generally 1 hr., the level of red cell is noted. The distance travelled by erythrocytes in 1 hr. is called as Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).Methods:There are two different methods of determination of ESR:1. Westergren Method ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Wintrobe Method Westergren Method: Requirements:1. Westergren Pipette2. Westergren Stand ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. AnticoagulantWestergren pipette is open at both the ends. It is 30 cm in length and 2.5 mm in diameter. The lower 20 cm are marked…

Differential count gives the relative count of eosinophil out of total leucocytes. It is possible to get absolute number of eosinophil by following mathematical formula. Source Image:hrct.itEosinophil / mm3 = % of Eosinophil from DLC x TLC / 100 ADVERTISEMENTS: This is an indirect method, which involves two techniques— DLC and TLC. It is possible to get direct eosinophil count. The direct method is quick and gives exact value of eosinophil. Direct Method: It is possible to get direct eosinophil count. The direct method is quick and gives exact value of eosinophil. In this method the blood is diluted to 1:10 with a special diluting fluid. The diluted blood specimen is then charged in the counting chamber and the number of eosinophil are counted usually under 10 ? or high…

In most of the developing countries like India, a vast majority of patients seeking hospital services come from far flung rural areas the relatives of such patients who have to accompany them virtually live within the hospital campus thereby converting it into a perpetually temporary “camp” with its obvious hazards.For others having no palce to stay, the pavements outside the hospital look so inviting to them. This is a common site in all our large hospitals including institutes of national importance.An institution which can provide temporary shelter to patients and their relatives, a dharamshala (choultry) or atithigriha has now become necessary as an extension of the hospital, where relatives and attendants of patients can stay for a minimum period. image source: shridigamberjain.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Such an institution existed in the western…

Legal Provisions of Section 487 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods:Making a false mark upon any receptacle etc. containing goods has been punished under this section. The section states that whoever makes any false mark upon any case, package or other receptacle containing goods, in a manner reasonably calculated to cause either any public servant or any other person to believe that such receptacle contains such goods which it does not contain or that it does not contain such goods which it does contain, or that the goods contained in such receptacle are of a different nature or quality than the real one, shall, unless he proves that he acted without intention to defraud, be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a…

Legal Provisions of Section 488 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Punishment for making use of any such false mark: This section punishes making use of any such false mark prohibited by the last foregoing section. It states that whoever makes use of any such false mark in any manner prohibited by section 487 shall, unless he proves that he acted without intention to defraud, be punished as if he had committed an offence against that section. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The section requires that the offender must make use of any such false mark in any manner prohibited by section 487 of the Code. The punishment is the same as stated in section 487, that is to say, simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to three years, or…

Legal Provisions of Section 458 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint:Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after making preparation for causing hurt, assault or wrongful restraint has been made punishable under this section. The section says that whoever commits either lurking house-trespass by night, or house-breaking by night, having made preparation for either causing hurt to, or for assaulting, or for wrongfully restraining, any person, or for putting any person in fear of hurt, or of assault, or of wrongful restraint, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to fourteen years, and shall also be liable to fine. Image Source: cdn.abclocal.go.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The section requires commission of lurking house-trespass by night or…

Legal Provisions of Section 454 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment:Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit any offence punishable with imprisonment has been punished under this section. The section states that whoever commits either lurking house-trespass or house-breaking, in order to the committing of any offence punishable with imprisonment, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to three years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if the intention of the offender is to commit theft, the term of imprisonment may be extended to ten years. Image Source: juicylittledetails.com ADVERTISEMENTS: This section is an aggravated form of the preceding section. While section 453 provides punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking, this…

Legal Provisions of Section 427 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees:Mischief causing damage to the tune of fifty rupees or more has been made punishable under this section. The section states that whoever commits mischief and thereby causes loss or damage to the amount of fifty rupees or upwards, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to two years, or with fine, or with both. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The prosecution must prove that the loss or damage caused as a result of the mischief committed by the accused amounted to fifty rupees or more. The penalty is sterner than that provided in section 426. To the question as to how should the loss or damage be…

Legal Provisions of Section 412 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of a dacoity:Dishonestly receiving or retaining property stolen in the commission of a dacoity has been made punishable under this section. The section states that whoever either dishonestly receives or dishonestly retains any stolen property about which either he knows that its possession has been transferred by committing dacoity, or he has reason to believe that its possession has been transferred by committing dacoity, or dishonestly receives from a person about whom he either has knowledge or has reason to believe to belong or to have belonged to a gang of dacoits, property which he knows or has reason to believe to have been stolen, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with…

Legal Provisions of Section 404 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death:Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by a deceased person at the time of his death has been punished under this section. The section states that whoever either dishonestly misappropriates or dishonestly converts to his own use any property with the knowledge that such property was in the possession of a deceased person at the time of his death, and since then has not been in possession of any person who is legally entitled to such possession, shall be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to three years, and shall also be liable to fine; and if the offender at the time of the…