Category: Essays

Where five or more persons had committed or attempted to commit a robbery, it is called dacoity A robbery is committed by one to four persons and having the ingredients of S. 389 is a robbery.When five or more persons conjointly commit or attempt to commit a robbery or where the whole number of persons conjointly committing or attempting to commit a robbery, and persons present and aiding such commission or attempt amount to five or more, every person so committing, attempting or aiding is called “Dacoity”. The main difference between robbery and dacoity is the number of the accused participated in the offence.Dacoity: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Section 391 defines “Dacoity”.2. Dacoity is the aggravated form of Robbery.3. The main difference between Robbery and Dacoity is number of participants in committing…

Assault:1. Assault is defined in Sec. 351 I.P.C. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. There is no physical contact in an assault.3. It is an ‘attempt’ to commit force/criminal force. image source: baytoday.ca4. Every assault may not include force/criminal force.5. An assault is an over act indicating an immediate to commit force/criminal force coupled with the capacity of carrying out the intention into effect. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. In order to constitute an assault it is also necessary that the person so assaulted must, on reasonable grounds, believe that the person assaulting has the ability to apply the force/criminal force so attempted by him,7. Throwing the water upon a person is an assault.8. Assault is a lesser form of offence, comparing with force/criminal force.9. Illustrations: [write illustrations of see. 351]. ADVERTISEMENTS: Force/Criminal Force:1. Force is explained…

Giving False Evidence:1. In this, only the general intention is sufficient. It is defined in Sec. 191. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. In this, the offence is committed by a person who is legally bound by an oath to state the truth.3. In this, the false statement need not be on any material point. image source: pocketperspectives.files.wordpress.com4. The effect of evidence of the person who is to form an opinion upon the evidence in a proceeding is immaterial in false evidence.5. There should be a proceeding being conducted in the case of false evidence. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. Illustrations: [Write the illustrations of Sec. 191.]Fabricating False Evidence:1. In this case, particular intention is essential, viz., to cause a person in a proceeding to entertain an erroneous opinion by causing any circumstance to exist or making…

There are several similarities between nuisance and trespass. Both of them unlawfully interfere with a person’s use or enjoyment of land, or some right over, or in connection with. However, there are differences between them, which are given as under: Nuisance 1. Nuisance is an indirect interference with the plaintiffs property. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. It is created by some intangible objects such as gas, noise, smell, smoke, pollution, vibrations, electricity, etc.3. It interferes the plaintiffs use or enjoyment of land or property. image source: i.ytimg.com4. A plants a tree in his own land. The tree grows, and its branches and roots spread into the land of B. It is nuisance.5. A’s building has become ruinous, and it may collapse at any time and fall upon B’s house. A and B notice…

When anti-coagulated blood is centrifuged at a standard speed, erythrocytes, which are heavier than white cells and plasma, will settle down at bottom. This red cells volume is known as Haematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Source Image:cnx.org/Haematocrit or PCV is the volume of red cells expressed as a percentage of whole blood. ADVERTISEMENTS: Methods:There are two methods, used for the determination of haematocrit:1. Macrohaematocrit2. Microhaematocrit Macrohaematocrit: ADVERTISEMENTS: A large volume of blood is required in this method. Approximately 2 to 4 ml is required.Principle:Anticoagulated blood is taken in a Wintrobe tube. Fill upto the uppermost mark and then rotate for desired length of time.The packed cell volume (PCV) of red cells is directly read from the graduated tube as %. ADVERTISEMENTS: Requirement: 1. Blood specimen: EDTA or double oxalated…

When an anti-coagulated blood is allowed to stand vertically, sedimentation of erythrocyte occurs. The rate, at which erythrocytes fall down, is known as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Source Image:d1ieb9vw5zjdt6.cloudfront.net/Principle: ADVERTISEMENTS: Anti-coagulated blood is taken in a tube and kept undisturbed in vertical position in a rack. This will allow the sedimentation of erythrocytes. After a specific time, generally 1 hr., the level of red cell is noted. The distance travelled by erythrocytes in 1 hr. is called as Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).Methods:There are two different methods of determination of ESR:1. Westergren Method ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Wintrobe Method Westergren Method: Requirements:1. Westergren Pipette2. Westergren Stand ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. AnticoagulantWestergren pipette is open at both the ends. It is 30 cm in length and 2.5 mm in diameter. The lower 20 cm are marked…

Differential count gives the relative count of eosinophil out of total leucocytes. It is possible to get absolute number of eosinophil by following mathematical formula. Source Image:hrct.itEosinophil / mm3 = % of Eosinophil from DLC x TLC / 100 ADVERTISEMENTS: This is an indirect method, which involves two techniques— DLC and TLC. It is possible to get direct eosinophil count. The direct method is quick and gives exact value of eosinophil. Direct Method: It is possible to get direct eosinophil count. The direct method is quick and gives exact value of eosinophil. In this method the blood is diluted to 1:10 with a special diluting fluid. The diluted blood specimen is then charged in the counting chamber and the number of eosinophil are counted usually under 10 ? or high…

In most of the developing countries like India, a vast majority of patients seeking hospital services come from far flung rural areas the relatives of such patients who have to accompany them virtually live within the hospital campus thereby converting it into a perpetually temporary “camp” with its obvious hazards.For others having no palce to stay, the pavements outside the hospital look so inviting to them. This is a common site in all our large hospitals including institutes of national importance.An institution which can provide temporary shelter to patients and their relatives, a dharamshala (choultry) or atithigriha has now become necessary as an extension of the hospital, where relatives and attendants of patients can stay for a minimum period. image source: shridigamberjain.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Such an institution existed in the western…

Legal Provisions of Section 487 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods:Making a false mark upon any receptacle etc. containing goods has been punished under this section. The section states that whoever makes any false mark upon any case, package or other receptacle containing goods, in a manner reasonably calculated to cause either any public servant or any other person to believe that such receptacle contains such goods which it does not contain or that it does not contain such goods which it does contain, or that the goods contained in such receptacle are of a different nature or quality than the real one, shall, unless he proves that he acted without intention to defraud, be punished with simple or rigorous imprisonment for a…

Legal Provisions of Section 488 of Indian Penal Code, 1860.Punishment for making use of any such false mark: This section punishes making use of any such false mark prohibited by the last foregoing section. It states that whoever makes use of any such false mark in any manner prohibited by section 487 shall, unless he proves that he acted without intention to defraud, be punished as if he had committed an offence against that section. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The section requires that the offender must make use of any such false mark in any manner prohibited by section 487 of the Code. The punishment is the same as stated in section 487, that is to say, simple or rigorous imprisonment for a term extending up to three years, or…