Category: Essays

Legal Provisions of Section 193 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Cognizance of offences by Courts of Session:The section bars the jurisdiction of a Court of Session to take cognizance of an offence as a Court of original jurisdiction for two obvious reasons:— Image Source: ourtownstories.co.uk ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. To prevent the time of the Court of Session being wasted over a case in which the charge is not supported by any evidence as would justify a conviction; and2. To secure to the person charged a preliminary inquiry which would afford him an opportunity of being acquainted with the circumstances of the offence imputed to him and enable him to prepare for defence.Where an offence is exclusively triable by a Court of Session, the Magistrate taking cognizance of such offence…

Legal Provisions of Section 177 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Ordinary place of inquiry and trial:This section is meant for the facility of both, the prosecution and the defence who can conveniently attend trial if it is held in the Court of their locality. Image Source: media1.fdncms.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The provision of this section regarding the place of inquiry and trial is applicable to trials whether held under the Code or under any local or special laws. The words “ordinarily” used in the section clearly suggests that the provisions are not exclusive and there are certain other special provisions in the Code itself which provide for alternative venues for inquiry and trial for certain offences.The place of inquiry or trial of an offence is generally dependent as to where…

Legal Provisions of Section 162 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Statements to police not to be signed: Use of statements in evidence:This section protects the person making statement during police investigation under duress or inducement. The Code allows police officer to record statements of witnesses with a view to facilitating investigation of the offence. But if such statements are made under duress or inducement, they are rendered inadmissible in evidence because they cannot be said to be free and fair statements made voluntarily. Image Source: shopevident.com ADVERTISEMENTS: As rightly pointed out by the Apex Court, the object of Section 162 is “to protect the accused both against overzealous police officers and untruthful witnesses.” It cannot be used for corroborating a witness but it can certainly be used to…

Legal Provisions of Section 165 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Search by police officer:The provisions of this section are mandatory are meant to authorise the police officer making an investigation to conduct a general search on the chance that something relevant to the commission of the offence may be found. Image Source: s3.amazonaws.com ADVERTISEMENTS: But the Police officer must record in writing the reasons for his making a search. He must clearly record the grounds of his belief and specification of the thing for which search is to be made. Omission to mention these grounds would amount to gross violation of the provisions of this section.The other provisions of this Code as to search warrant and general provisions as to searches contained in Section 100 Cr PC shall…

Legal Provisions of Section 146 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Power to attach subject of dispute and to appoint receiver: The object of this section is to keep the property in custodies so as to prevent the contesting parties from creating a situation of breach of peace in an attempt to obtain actual possession of the disputed property. The Magistrate should refrain from ordering attachment of property in dispute unless there are clear indications to show that if the property is not attached, serious consequences may flow and may spark off breach of peace. An order under this section without proper inquiry as required under Section 145 (4), would be illegal and without jurisdiction. It is always desirable that the Magistrate should mention grounds for attachment in his…

In the vertebrates the circulatory system is of closed type as blood flows through the closed blood vessels, while in most inverte­brates it is of open type. It is very simple in fishes but it is of comp­lex type in birds and mammals. Image Source: s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.comIn fishes the heart is two chambered but sinus venosus and conus arteriosus are also found attached to the heart. Blood from the tissues enters a sinus venosus through the veins. ADVERTISEMENTS: It passes through a sinu-auricular aperture to the auricle, a relatively thin-walled but large chamber, thence it is propelled through auriculo-ventricular valve to the ventricle.Vigrous ventricular con­traction forces the blood into the bulbous (or conus) arteriosus through a third set of valves. In elasmobranchi and dipnoi fishes there are several sets of valves…

Due to the following reasons, Mendel selected garden pea for his experiment:(i) Garden pea flowers are normally self-pollinated but can be easily cross-pollinated (Hybridized), its self-pollination is prevented.(ii) Many varieties with distinguished contrasting characters e.g., smooth seed coat, wrinkled seed coat. Image Source: papaspuds.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (iii) A large number of progeny can be produced in a short duration.(iv) Its flowers can be easily handled for experimentation. Making of True-breeding: (i) He self-pollinated the pea plants for several successive generation of each variety to eliminate any offspring that was not true to the form of the trait. ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) He ensured that the seeds of a variety produced only that type of plants and so on. For example, the seeds of white flowered plants produced only white-flowered plants in successive generations.

Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.i. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun produces energy.ii. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity. Image Source: greenoptimistic.com Nuclear Fuel Uranium: ADVERTISEMENTS: The fuel most widely used by nuclear plants for nuclear fission is uranium.…

The Main Processes followed by the Commercial Banks for Credit Creation are mentioned below: (i) Under Monopoly Bank or Single Bank System: To begin with, let the Cash Reserve Ratio (R) be 20%. Further, let the initial deposit (Primary Deposit, PD) made with a commercial bank by depositor ‘A’ be Rs 10,000. The commercial bank is required to retain 20% of the deposit as vault cash to encash the cheques of depositor ‘A’ and the rest, 80% of it, it lends to borrower, ‘B Thus, it retains only Rs 2000 (R% of PD = r. PD) and lends out the rest, Rs 8000 [(1 – R) % of PD = (1 – r).PD] to the borrower. Image Source: askright.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Here, r = fl/100. The loan amount of Rs 8000…

Just like no two person’s fingerprints are identical in this world, each of us is born with a distinct individuality. In some way or the other, each of us is unique and special. Is this not something to be happy about, something to celebrate? Is this not a reflection of the immense variety that lends spice and colour to life? Should this not be the goal of one’s existence—to discover, nurture, and promote the distinct genius if you will, that each of us possesses?Does that sound like one is ignoring the rest of all mankind to lead a petty, isolated existence? This may seem like a paradox, but I believe that when someone serves one’s own interests, one automatically contributes to the collective welfare. The fragrance of a flower does…