Category: Essays

Image Source: 3.bp.blogspot.com (i) Valence electrons: On moving from left to right in a period, the number of valence electrons increases from one to eight (except first period where the increase is from one to two only.) (ii) Valency: The valency of elements increases from one to four, then decreases to one and becomes zero in the case of inert gases. For example, in compounds Lick, BeCl2, BC13 and CC14, the valency of Li, Be, B and C are 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, whereas in compounds. ADVERTISEMENTS: NH3, H20, HF the valency of N, O, F are 3, 2 and 1 respectively. (iii) Zero groups: At the end of each period is the zero group elements, the inert gas. (iv) Size of atoms: Atomic radii of the elements…

Legal Provisions of Section 84 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Claims and objections to attachment:The claims or objections as to the right in respect of property attached under Section 83 are decided as per the procedure detailed out in this present section. The Court ordering attachment of the absconder may enquire into the claims and objections and either allow or reject them. Image Source: ospreystrategicresearch.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The Court which seized the attached property should give fullest opportunity to the party affected to contest the proceedings and orders should not be passed in the absence of the party concerned.The section does not bar a party to institute a suit in a Civil Court within one year for his right in respect of attached property which has been disallowed by…

Legal Provisions of Section 192 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Making over of cases to Magistrates:This section enables the Chief Judicial Magistrate to distribute the work among different Judicial Magistrates for the sake of administrative convenience. The Chief Judicial Magistrate has the power to transfer the case from his file to that of a competent Magistrate subordinate to him for inquiry or trial. In order to exercise power under this section, the following conditions must be fulfilled— Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. The Chief Judicial Magistrate should first have taken cognizance of an offence before he makes an order of transfer of the case;2. The transfer of case should be made to Magistrate subordinate to him;3. The transfer of case should be for the purpose of inquiry or…

Legal Provisions of Section 193 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Cognizance of offences by Courts of Session:The section bars the jurisdiction of a Court of Session to take cognizance of an offence as a Court of original jurisdiction for two obvious reasons:— Image Source: ourtownstories.co.uk ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. To prevent the time of the Court of Session being wasted over a case in which the charge is not supported by any evidence as would justify a conviction; and2. To secure to the person charged a preliminary inquiry which would afford him an opportunity of being acquainted with the circumstances of the offence imputed to him and enable him to prepare for defence.Where an offence is exclusively triable by a Court of Session, the Magistrate taking cognizance of such offence…

Legal Provisions of Section 177 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Ordinary place of inquiry and trial:This section is meant for the facility of both, the prosecution and the defence who can conveniently attend trial if it is held in the Court of their locality. Image Source: media1.fdncms.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The provision of this section regarding the place of inquiry and trial is applicable to trials whether held under the Code or under any local or special laws. The words “ordinarily” used in the section clearly suggests that the provisions are not exclusive and there are certain other special provisions in the Code itself which provide for alternative venues for inquiry and trial for certain offences.The place of inquiry or trial of an offence is generally dependent as to where…

Legal Provisions of Section 162 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Statements to police not to be signed: Use of statements in evidence:This section protects the person making statement during police investigation under duress or inducement. The Code allows police officer to record statements of witnesses with a view to facilitating investigation of the offence. But if such statements are made under duress or inducement, they are rendered inadmissible in evidence because they cannot be said to be free and fair statements made voluntarily. Image Source: shopevident.com ADVERTISEMENTS: As rightly pointed out by the Apex Court, the object of Section 162 is “to protect the accused both against overzealous police officers and untruthful witnesses.” It cannot be used for corroborating a witness but it can certainly be used to…

Legal Provisions of Section 165 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Search by police officer:The provisions of this section are mandatory are meant to authorise the police officer making an investigation to conduct a general search on the chance that something relevant to the commission of the offence may be found. Image Source: s3.amazonaws.com ADVERTISEMENTS: But the Police officer must record in writing the reasons for his making a search. He must clearly record the grounds of his belief and specification of the thing for which search is to be made. Omission to mention these grounds would amount to gross violation of the provisions of this section.The other provisions of this Code as to search warrant and general provisions as to searches contained in Section 100 Cr PC shall…

Legal Provisions of Section 146 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Power to attach subject of dispute and to appoint receiver: The object of this section is to keep the property in custodies so as to prevent the contesting parties from creating a situation of breach of peace in an attempt to obtain actual possession of the disputed property. The Magistrate should refrain from ordering attachment of property in dispute unless there are clear indications to show that if the property is not attached, serious consequences may flow and may spark off breach of peace. An order under this section without proper inquiry as required under Section 145 (4), would be illegal and without jurisdiction. It is always desirable that the Magistrate should mention grounds for attachment in his…

In the vertebrates the circulatory system is of closed type as blood flows through the closed blood vessels, while in most inverte­brates it is of open type. It is very simple in fishes but it is of comp­lex type in birds and mammals. Image Source: s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.comIn fishes the heart is two chambered but sinus venosus and conus arteriosus are also found attached to the heart. Blood from the tissues enters a sinus venosus through the veins. ADVERTISEMENTS: It passes through a sinu-auricular aperture to the auricle, a relatively thin-walled but large chamber, thence it is propelled through auriculo-ventricular valve to the ventricle.Vigrous ventricular con­traction forces the blood into the bulbous (or conus) arteriosus through a third set of valves. In elasmobranchi and dipnoi fishes there are several sets of valves…

Due to the following reasons, Mendel selected garden pea for his experiment:(i) Garden pea flowers are normally self-pollinated but can be easily cross-pollinated (Hybridized), its self-pollination is prevented.(ii) Many varieties with distinguished contrasting characters e.g., smooth seed coat, wrinkled seed coat. Image Source: papaspuds.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (iii) A large number of progeny can be produced in a short duration.(iv) Its flowers can be easily handled for experimentation. Making of True-breeding: (i) He self-pollinated the pea plants for several successive generation of each variety to eliminate any offspring that was not true to the form of the trait. ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) He ensured that the seeds of a variety produced only that type of plants and so on. For example, the seeds of white flowered plants produced only white-flowered plants in successive generations.