Category: Essays

Wherever an executive Magistrate receives information that any person: (i) is likely to commit a breach of the peace or disturb the public tranquility, or (ii) to do any wrongful act affecting peace and public tranquility, he may, if in his opinion there is sufficient ground for proceeding, require such person to show cause why he should not be ordered to execute a bond with or without sureties for keeping the peace for such period not exceeding one year. (Section 107). Two things are necessary to warrant an action under this section.—(i) Information should be laid before an executive Magistrate, and ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) The Magistrate should be satisfied that there is sufficient ground for proceeding.Section 107 (2) lays down that proceedings under this section may be taken before any executive…

The water and solute content of body fluids is regulated by the kidney. This function of regulation of osmotic concentration of blood by the kidney is called osmoregulation.When an animal takes in large amount of water, as in freshwater fishes, the urine passed out of the body is hypotonic (more dilute than the blood plasma).In animals like reptiles and birds that live in areas with scarce water condition, urine passed out of the body is hypertonic (more concentrated than the blood plasma). This reduces the water loss from the body. Image Source: cdn.shareyouressays.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In human beings, the kidney is extremely flexible in its working. Generally in summer when most of water is lost from the body by perspiration, the urine passed out is hypertonic. However, in winter as there…

Hearing: Pinna collects and amplifies sound waves which then pass along the auditory canal to the eardrum.i. Sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations in its thin stretched membrane. The eustachian tube equalizes air pressure on either side of eardrum which allows a free vibration. ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. The vibrations reach ear ossicles in the middle ear. Ear ossicles transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the denser fluid in the inner ear.iii. The lever-like action of malleus and incus magnifies the vibrations of the stapes. Image Source: endoplasmiccurriculum.files.wordpress.comiv. The vibrating stapes transmits vibrations to the membrane of the oval window.v. Vibrations from oval window get transmitted to cochlea. This leads to vibration in the fluid of cochlear canals. ADVERTISEMENTS: vi. Vibration of fluid in cochlear canals triggers movement of sensory…

Antiseptics reduce the possibility of infection, or putrefaction by germs.Some common antiseptics are: Antiseptic i. Methylated Spirit or Alcohol: Used to disinfect the skin before injections are given. ii. Boric Acid: ADVERTISEMENTS: Used to treat yeast infections, and also used in creams for burns. iii. Hydrogen Peroxide: Used as very dilute solution to clean wounds and ulcers. iv. Iodine: Used as a pre- and post-operative antiseptic. v. Phenol Compounds: Used as a scrub’ for pre­operative hand cleansing. Used in the form of a powder as an antiseptic baby powder. Also used in mouthwashes. vi. Sodium Chloride: ADVERTISEMENTS: Used as a general cleanser. Sodium hypochlorite, Lyzol, Benzoic acid, mercurochrome in dilute solution are also used as antiseptic. Disinfectants: Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens and bathrooms to kill…

Some of the many arguments against Mill’s Utilitarianism are given below: (1) Arguments against hedonism: Mill’s theory being hedonistic, all the arguments against Hedonism apply to it Hedonism becomes partial due to its excessive emphasis only on the sentiment aspect of human life. In the overall or complete satisfaction of the self, the satisfaction of both reason and feeling is necessary. Image Source: fixquotes.com (2) Difference between Pleasure and happiness: ADVERTISEMENTS: Mill treated happiness as the ultimate goal but then made a blunder by calling it pleasure. There is difference between pleasure and happiness. According to Dewey, “Pleasure is transitory and relative, enduring while some specific activity endures, and having reference only to that activity.Happiness is permanent and universal. It results only when the act is such a one as…

The basic idea underlying Parliamentary system is that the head of the state is the nominal executive, the real executive power lies with the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the lower house of the Parliament.As a consequence of conventions, Indian President is vested with all executive power, but we exercise this power duly on the advice of Council of Ministers.The real Executive is the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Their collective responsibility ensures that they remain in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the Parliament. They swim and sink together. Image Source: i.dailymail.co.uk 1. Appointment of Ministers: ADVERTISEMENTS: While the Prime Minister is selected by the President, the other ministers are appointed by the President on the advice…

The issue of a warrant is a more drastic step than the issue of a summons. Ordinarily, a warrant is issued only in serious cases and after a duly served summons is disobeyed or if the accused has willfully avoided the service of the summons.The following are the six requirements of a valid warrant: ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) It must be in writing.(ii) It must be signed by the Presiding Officer of the Court issuing the warrant. image source: tribkcpq.files.wordpress.com(iii) It must bear the seal of the Court.(iv) It must contain the description of the person to be arrested with sufficient certainty so as to identify him clearly. ADVERTISEMENTS: (v) It must clearly specify the offence.(vi) It must also name the person who is to execute such warrant.The following is a specimen…

Humanity can be defined as quality of being human; the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from other beings. Being human does not mean that an individual possesses humanity.If you want to understand the quality of humanity in an individual take note of what he does for people who give noting back in return to the favour they have offered.One of the most outstanding examples of extra- ordinary humanity in a human being has been portrayed beautifully by Mother Teresa. Humanity means caring for and helping others whenever and wherever possible. Humanity means helping others at times when they need that help the most, humanity means forgetting your selfish interests at times when others need your help. Image Source: a2.files.biography.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Humanity means extending unconditional love to…

Investigation includes all the proceedings under this Code for the collection of evidence, conducted by a Police Officer, or by any person (other than a Magistrate) who is authorised by a Magistrate in this behalf. image source: cdn.abclocal.go.com “Investigation”, “Inquiry” and “Trial”: Three stages in a Criminal Case: The three terms “investigation”, “inquiry” and “trial” ordinarily denote three different stages of a criminal trial. The first stage is reached when a Police Officer, either by himself or under an order of a Magistrate, investigates into a case. ADVERTISEMENTS: If he finds that no offence has been committed, he drops the proceedings. But if he forms an opinion that an offence has been committed, he sends up the case to a Magistrate. Then commences the second stage.The Magistrate inquires into the…

Section 37 of the Code of Criminal Procedure makes it the duty of every person to assist a Magistrate or Police, when reasonably called to do—(a) For preventing the escape of any other person whom such Magistrate or Police Officer is authorised to arrest; or(b) For preventing or suppressing a breach of the peace; or image source: cdn.shareyouressays.com/ ADVERTISEMENTS: (c) Preventing an injury attempted to be committed to any railway, canal, telegraph or other public property.The word “reasonably” used in the section indicates that no person is bound to obey an unreasonable order of a Magistrate or Police Officer. Thus, in one case, when a Magistrate ordered a landlord to find a clue to a theft within 15 days, it was held that such order was unreasonable and unwarranted by…