Category: Essays

Mendelian segregation never produces new character but re­sults in only redistribution of genes.Darwin was aware of these sudden changes and called ‘sports’ while Bateson described as ‘discontinuous variation’ and stated that they were of general oc­currence.Hugo DeVries (1901) gave the name ‘mutation‘ to these sud­den discrete changes. He worked on evening Primerose plant (Oenothera lamarkiana). i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Mutation may be defined as sudden heritable change in a gene due to change in sequence of nucleiotides which alter the phenotype of an individual, e.g. Short legged sheep was discov­ered by English farmer Wright (1791). Morgan (1910) studied mutation in Drosophila and reported white eyed mutant in red eyed flies. Major classes: 1. Chromosomal aberration- Change in structure and number of chromosomes. 2. Gene mutations- Change in single gene. Types of mutations:…

Important Theories That Can Explain the Mechanism of Crossing Over are listed below:1. Janssen’s partial chiasma type theory. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Belling’s copy choice theory.3. Darlington’s breakage and reunion theory. i.ytimg.com 1. Breakage and reunion theory: This theory is based on the assumptions that:1. Prior to crossing over each chromosome of each bivalent get duplicated to form tetrad. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Crossing over occurs only between non-sister chromatids.3. Crossing over involves the mechanical breaks in non-sister chromatids due to twisting around each other and reunion or recombination of chromatids take place.According to this theory first of all, chromatids break and then form chiasmata. Crossing over does not produce chiasmata but it is caused by chiasmata. 2. Copy choice theory: This theory was proposed by Belling in 1933. According to this theory, the…

There are certain advantages and disadvantages of preference shares from the company’s point of view. Advantages of Preference Shares 1. Absence of voting rights:The preference shareholders do not possess the voting rights in the personal matters of the company. There is thus no interference in general by the preference shareholders, even though they gain more profits and advantages over the common shareholders. Image Source: cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Fixed return:The dividends to be paid to the preference shareholders are fixed as compared to the equity shareholders. The company can thus maximize the profits that are available on the part of preference shareholders.3. Absence of charge on assets:Because preference shares have no payment of dividends, no charges are levied on the assets of the company unlike in the case of debentures. ADVERTISEMENTS:…

The classification of body types can either be ectomorphs, mesomorphs or endomorphs. This are the only three criteria used to describe a person’s body type. These criteria are solely based on a person’s physical appearance.If you are an ectomorph then your physical appearance is that of a skinny person. They are also referred to as the hard gainers because they have great difficulty when they want to gain weight.There physique makes them appear young, and they are usually tall and not muscular. The peculiar thing about ectomorphs is that they are very bright naturally because they have very large brains. qzprod.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: They normally stoop as they get older due to the way there shoulders are shaped toward there chest muscles. The people with such body structures usually quit very…

An interpleader suit is one in which the real dispute is between the defendants only and the plaintiff is not really interested in the matter. The defendants interplead. i.e., plead against each other Instead of pleading against the plaintiff as in an ordinary suit.The defendants interplead as to their claims to the debt or property over which the plaintiff has no interest and which he is ready to pay or deliver to the rightful claimant. The relevant provision is to be found in Section 88 of the Code which reads thus:“Where two or more persons claim adversely to one another the same debt, sum of money or other property, movable or immovable, from another person who claims no interest therein other than for charges or costs and who is ready…

An ex parte decree is a decree passed in the absence of the defendant where the plaintiff appears and the defendant does not appear when the suit is called on the hearing. If it is proved that the summons was duly served, the court may make an order that the suit be heard ex parte.The court shall then proceed to take and determine on evidence, and pass a decree in favour of the plaintiff if a prima facie case is made out by him. [O. 9 R. 6 (a)]. An ex parte decree may be passed either at the first hearing or at an adjourned hearing. Setting aside ex parte decree: In order to have an ex parte decree set aside the defendant must apply to the court by which…

The difference between legal and equitable set-off may now be noted.1. In a legal set-off the amount claimed must be an ascertained sum of money, but in an equitable set-off the claim may be allowed even with respect to an unascertained sum of money.2. In a legal set-off the court is bound to entertain and adjudicate upon the plea when raised. In the case of an equitable set-off, however, it is not obligatory on the court to adjudicate upon it and the defendant cannot claim it as a matter of right. The court has the discretion to refuse to take notice of the equitable set-off if the investigation into the equitable claim is likely to result in delay. Image Source: kcdee.org ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. In a legal set-off it is not…

Before noticing the difference between counter-claim and set-off we must understand the counter-claim itself. If the defendant in an action has a claim against the plaintiff, which he might have asserted by bringing a separate action he may raise it in the existing action as a counter-claim by adding to his statement of defence a statement of the fact on which he bases his claim, and of the relief which he claims against the plaintiff, either alone, or Jointly with others.In view of the amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure by Act No. 104 of 1976 a counter-claim is competent and the defendant, when he seeks to rely upon any ground as supporting a right of counter-claim, shall in his written statement, state specifically that he does so by…

Definition: Section 2 (2) of the Code defines a decree as follows:“Decree” means the formal expression of an adjudication which, so far as regards the court expressing it, conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit and may be either preliminary or final. It shall be deemed to include the rejection of a plaint and the determination of any question within Section 114, but shall not include—(a) Any adjudication from which an appeal lies as an appeal from an order, or Image Source: img09.deviantart.net ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) Any order of dismissal for default. Explanation: A decree is preliminary when further proceedings have to be taken before the suit can be completely disposed of. It is final when such…

Every order, which is not a decree, is not appealable. Only those orders which are specified in Section 104 and Order 43, rule 1, are appealable. They are as under:Section 101: An appeal shall lie from the following orders and from no other orders:(a) An order under Section 35-1, i.e., in a case where compensatory costs in a respect of false or vexatious claims or defense have been awarded; Image Source: yourvalleynews.co ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) An order under Section 91 or Section 92 refusing leave to institute a suit of the nature referred to in Section 91 or Section 92, as the case may be;(c) An order under Section 95, i.e., in a case where compensation for obtaining arrest, attachment or injunction on insufficient ground has been awarded.(d) An order under…