24Oct 2018 by admin

What do you mean by “Secondary Production”? (Biomass)

Ecosystem
Secondary production is generally defined as the elaboration of new tissue that is added to the standing crop biomass of animals. Though technically correct, this definition is inadequate since it does not specify the levels of ecological organization used, and the concept is not identical at various levels of organization. The above definition is really valid only for an individual animal.For a population, secondary production is the increase in biomass of the individuals concerned; in other words, it is the sum of the growth of the individuals minus their loss of weight together with the population’s nationality, mortality, immigration, and emigration. Similarly, at the level of the ecosys­tem, the secondary production of the ecosystem is not the sum of the produc­tions of the populations since one population may feed upon…
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24Oct 2018 by admin

7 Most Important Characteristics of Our Ecosystem (by Smith)

Ecology
Smith (1966) emphasized the following general characteristics of most eco­systems:(1) The ecosystem is a major structural and functional unit of ecology. ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) The structure of an ecosystem is related to its species diversity; the more complex ecosystems have high species diversity.(3) The function of the ecosystem is related to energy flow and material cycling through and within the system. Image Source: texasponds.com(4) The relative amount of energy needed to maintain an ecosystem depends on its structure. The more complex the structure, the lesser the energy it needs to maintain itself.(5) Ecosystems mature by passing from less complex to more complex states. Early stages of such succession have an excess of potential energy and a relatively high energy flow per unit biomass. Later (mature) stages have less energy accumulation and…
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20Oct 2018 by admin

6 Important Principles of “Political Realism” – Explained!

Environment
Morgenthau elaborates his theory of Political Realism by his six principles. These are mentioned under following heads: Image Source: doggreenproductions.com 1. Politics governed by objective laws based on Human nature: According to Morgenthau man moves by laws which are ‘eternal.’ “These laws are impervious to human preferences and as such cannot be refuted and challenged.” Consequently, the aim should be to ascertain facts and interpret them through our reason. ADVERTISEMENTS: The human nature necessarily does not change. They can be collected as facts from the history through empirical and logical devices.But, he contends that it must be rational, as he remarks “It is the testing of rational hypothesis against the actual facts and their consequences that give meaning to facts of international politics and makes a theory of politics possible.”Thus,…
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20Oct 2018 by admin

Essay on “Birds” (500 Words)

Ecosystem
Birds are special kind of animal species with certain specific characteristics that are common to all of them. All of them are feathered, winged, bipedal (meaning: having two legs), egg-laying, warm blooded, vertebrate animals belonging to the class Aves. They are an important part of the ecosystem and are present across the globe from the Arctic to the Antarctic.Birds inhabit the environment that suits them and that is what separates the species found in Polar Regions from those in the Tropical Region. In spite of all the similarities that the bird species share, they have certain unique characteristics which differentiate them from others.Birds may be of different sizes. They could be small as much as 2 inches (e.g. Bee hummingbird) to as big as 2.75 meters (like an Ostrich). Fossil…
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20Oct 2018 by admin

Essay on “If I were a Butterfly”

Ecosystem
All of us love freedom and have their own expressions of being free. Each one of us wants to define freedom in the way it suits us.Some teens may feel that being with friends and peers is freedom, some responsible citizens feel that loving their country and doing something about it is freedom while some think that being in the lap of Mother Nature is freedom. My idea of freedom is being a butterfly.Nature has bounty of birds and insects that are blessed with qualities that make them unique and abilities & roles that make them an indispensable part of this ecosystem. A butterfly is quite a light flying insect which belongs to the family of moths. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: It gives one immense pleasure to see a gorgeously…
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18Oct 2018 by admin

Short Paragraph on “Climate Change”

Environment
The climate is the commonly considered to be the weather averaged over a long period of time, typically 30 years. Somewhat more precisely, the concept of “climate” also includes the statistics of the weather—such as the degree of day-to-day or year-to-year variation expected.The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) glossary definition is: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the “average weather”, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Image Source: newngrguardiannewscom ADVERTISEMENTS: The factors that determine the…
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17Oct 2018 by admin

12 Adverse Effects of Mining on Our Environment – Explained!

Environment
Mining is generally very destructive to the environment. The extraction of metals is a violent process which inevitably has a great impact on the environment. It involves the following:i. It is one of the main causes of deforestation. In order to mine, trees and vegetation are cleared and burned. With the ground completely bare, mining operations use huge bulldozers and excavators to extract the metals and minerals from the soil;ii. Stripping of large areas of topsoil and of all flora and fauna in addition to man-made constructions; Image Source: panamericanworld.com ADVERTISEMENTS: iii. Underground coal mining can require the removal of almost an entire layer of material deep under the surface. When the timber supports collapse, this can lead to subsidence. The subsidence can mean economic loss to people above or…
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10Oct 2018 by admin

5 Most Important Components of Research Problem as discussed by R. L. Ackoff

Environment
The Most Important Components of research problem as discussed by R. L. Ackoff are listed below: (1) Research Consumer: There must be individuals or groups which have some difficulty or problem. The individuals or the groups themselves may be researchers. There are other participants in the problem. image source: crispconsulting.ru ADVERTISEMENTS: All are affected by the decision on the part of the research consumer. (2) Research-Consumer’s Objective: There must be some objectives to be attained as the research consumer must have something he wants to get it. It one wants nothing, one cannot have a problem. (3) Alternative Means to Meet the Objective: There must be alternative means or the courses of action for attaining an objective one wishes to obtain. Means are courses of action. A course of action…
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05Oct 2018 by admin

List of 62 Comparative Essay Topics

Global Warming
Huge Collection of Comparative Essay Topics for School and College Students. Image Source: i.ytimg.com1. Comparative Essay on Nas?l Yaz?l?r ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Comparative Essay on Ww1 and Ww23. Comparative Essay on Global Warming4. Comparative Essay on Venn Diagram5. Comparative Essay on General Vision and Viewpoint ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. Comparative Essay on Cars Vs Walking7. Comparative Essay on Mac Vs Pc8. Comparative Essay on 1984 and V for Vendetta9. Comparative Essay on the Protagonists of Hamlet and Macbeth ADVERTISEMENTS: 10. Comparative Essay on to Kill a Mockingbird11. Comparative Essay on the French and American Revolution12. Comparative Essay on Scaffold13. Comparative Essay on Romeo and Juliet14. Comparative Essay on Rome and Han 15. Comparative Essay on Racism16. Comparative Essay on Rome and Han China17. Comparative Essay on Rome and Greece18. Comparative Essay on Blade…
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05Oct 2018 by admin

How to measure the Different Characteristics of Aquatic Environment?

Environment
Different characteristics of aquatic environment (water) can be measured as follows: Collection of water sample: The collection of sam­ples of water from various depths of lakes, ponas, rivers, and estuaries is a difficult task and is done by Meyer water sampler. This apparatus consists of a heavy bottle fitted with a weight heavy enough to sink it when full of air and attached to a wire harness. image source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: A stopper with an eyebolt attached is loosely inserted. A cord is attached both to the eyebolt and to the wire harness. When the bottle is lowered to the desired aepth (indicated by marked line), the cord is jerked to remove the cork. Sufficient time is allowed tor the bottle to till and it is then pulled to the…
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