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(1) Fundamental Research: Fundamental research helps in developing theories by dis­covering broad generalisations and principles. It is organised through various procedures of research like sampling, hypothesizing facts, etc. It can be experimented in a psychological laboratory.Thus, in a general meaning it is more systematic activity directed towards discovery and the development of an organised body of scientific knowledge. Image Source : cep-probation.org (2) Applied Research: ADVERTISEMENTS: Fundamental research sets principles while applied research utilizes those principles to know the problems with best possible manner. In practice, the researcher applies laws during his field study to draw more and more clear ideas about the problems. It is undertaken to solve an immediate problem. (3) Action Research: The aim of action research is immediate application but not any development of theory. If…

Particulars of the plaint:The plaint shall contain the following particulars:(1) The name of the court in which the suit is brought; ADVERTISEMENTS: (2) The name, description and place of residence of the plaintiff;(3) The name, description and place of residence of the defendant, so far as they can be ascertained;(4) Where the plaintiff or the defendant is a minor or a person of unsound mind, a statement to that effect;(5) The fact constituting the cause of action and when it arose; ADVERTISEMENTS: (6) The facts showing that the court has jurisdiction;(7) The relief which the plaintiff claims;(8) Where the plaintiff has allowed a set-off or relinquished a portion of his claim, the amount so allowed or relinquished; and(9) A statement of the value of the subject-matter of the suit for…

Where any period is fixed or granted by the court for the doing of any act prescribed or allowed by this Code, the court may, in its discretion, from time to time, enlarge such period, [not exceeding thirty days in total] even though the period originally fixed or granted may have expired.There are various provisions in the Code prescribing or allowing the doing of an act for which time is fixed or granted by the court. In all such cases, the Court has power under S. 148 of the Code to enlarge the time, even after the expiration of the period originally fixed. The time granted by the court for payment of costs, while setting aside an ex parte decree, as a condition precedent thereto, is not an act prescribed…

The restitution is consequential to the variation or reversal of the decree or on its being modified or set aside. The condition precedent for restitution, therefore, is that the decree of the trial court must be reversed or varied in appeal or otherwise.The word ‘consequentially’ lays emphasis on the obligation on the party to the suit or proceedings which received the benefit of the erroneous decree to make restitution to the other party for what he has lost. The court therefore is bound to restore the parties, as far as they can be, to the same position they were at the time when the court by its erroneous action had displaced them from it.Equally where a sum of money was recovered in execution by a decree which was subsequently reversed…

After food, shelter is the most important need of man. Men construct houses and develop settlements to protect themselves against the vagaries of weather and to enjoy social life. In fact, settlement is man’s important step towards adapting himself to his physical environment.The problem of rural and urban settlements has increasingly been probed by anthropologists, sociologists, ethnographers, economists and geographers. They, however, examine this issue with different objectives and methodologies. Few people live in isolation.Most people of the world reside in some form of settlement—a permanent collection of houses, buildings and inhabitants. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Settlements occupy a very small percentage of the earth’s surface but exert a far greater influence on the world’s culture.Settlements are both the storage centres of the world’s cultural heritage and the point of…

The term ecology is derived from the Greek word Oekologie. Literally Oekos means ‘home or surroundings’ and logos means ‘study’. Thus, ecology is the study of nature.Ecology can be defined as “the study of the interactions between life and its physical environment; the relationship between animals and plants and how one species affect another.”Ecological succession is orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community. It is more or less predictable. Image Source: 185.26.182.219 Types of Ecological Succession (i) Primary and Secondary Succession: When the development begins on an area that has not been previously occupied by a community, the process is known as primary succession.Examples A lava flow, a newly formed lake, or a newly exposed rock or sand surface.When the community development is proceeding in an…