Category: Design

1. Emergence of Railways: Although the first regular steam engine passenger run was inaugurated over a one-mile section on the 6.5 mile track from Canterbury to Whitstable, Kent, England, on May 3, 1830 hauled by the engine Invicta, railed tracks were used for mining purposes as early as 1550. These tracks were used at Leberthal, Alsace near the French-German border and at the Brosseley Colliery, Salop, England in 1605.The first self-propelled locomotive ever to run on rails was built by Richard Trevithic (1771-1883) at Salop in England. The first electric railways was Warner Von Siemen’s 600-yard- long Berlin electric track opened for the Berlin Traders’ Exhibition on May 31, 1879.The oldest underground subways railway system in the world is the London Transport subways system whose first section was opened on…

Deforestation involves the cutting down, burning, and damaging of forests.Deforestation can be defined as the change of forest with depletion of tree crown cover more than 90%. However, depletion of forest tree crown cover less than 90% is considered forest degradation. Causes of Deforestation: The main causes of deforestation are summarized below: ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) Population explosion(ii) Agriculture: shifting cultivation, overgrazing, cash crop economy etc.(iii) Commercial logging: cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp(iv) Poverty ADVERTISEMENTS: (v) Mining(vi) Dams(vii) Infrastructure creation for logging(viii) Forest-fires ADVERTISEMENTS: (ix) Acid rain(x) Development projects and housing projects. Image Source: assets.worldwildlife.org Effects of Deforestation: The ill-effects of deforestation are summarized below: (i) Soil erosion: Soil is exposed to wind, sunlight, and evaporation due to deforestation. Soil fertility goes down due to soil erosion and rapid…

Sample Essay on Earthquake – A Natural Calamity. India has been blessed by nature and that is for the entire world to envy, be it mineral resources, be it huge forests or densely wooded hills and huge cascading waterfalls joining together to form mighty rivers. We have got a huge coastline too both to the east and the west most of the rivers finding their outlets in the seas.It is nature in all its bountiful resources, the unfathomable power just waiting to be tapped fruitfully. Also nature in all its awesome glory, beautiful, mindboggling and favorable.But for all these blessings there are negative sides too, some due to over-exploitation, some due to nature’s wrath and it would not be wrong to say that there is nothing more destructive than when…

Short Biography of Medha Patkar – Medha Patkar is a well known social activist. She completed her M.A. in Social Work from Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS).She is known for her role in Narmada Bachao Andolan, an organisation fighting against construction of large dams on the river Narmada in central India, adversely affecting the lives of millions of people living in the river valley. ADVERTISEMENTS: Medha Patkar is one of the recipients of Right to Livelihood Award for the year 1991. She received the 1999 M.A.lnomas National Human Rights Award from Vigil India Movement.She has also recto, vend numerous other awards, including the Deena Nath Mangeshkar Award, Mahatma Phule Award, Goldman Environment Prize, and Green Ribbon Award for Best International Political Campaigner by BBC, and the Human Rights Defender’s…

There has been a sharp cleavage between different schools of jurisprudence or the science of law. Each school looks at it from its own point of view and lays emphasis upon some sources of law and its enforcement.Among the most important modern schools of legal study are the following:1. The Analytical School: ADVERTISEMENTS: John Austin may be regarded as the founder of the Analytical School, though he drew his inspiration from Hobbes, and Bentham, his teacher. To him law is a command given by a superior to an inferior and enforced by material sanctions.Every positive law is a creation of the sovereign power, which either established it directly or authorised some subordinate person or body to establish it, and penalties are incurred for its disobedience.The Analytical School, thus, emphasises that…