Category: Construction

Sections 79 to 82, and Rules 1 to 8-B of Order 27 deal with suits by or against Government or Public Officers.Sec. 79 explains the authority to be named as plaintiff or defendant as the case may be, shall be-(a) In the case of a suit by or against Central Government, the Union of India, and Image Source: lgcnsblog.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) In the case of a suit by or against a State Government concerned State.This section only provide for the authority by or against whom a suit can be instituted while Section 80 names the particular person to whom a notice could be addressed or a suit can be filed. Sec. 80 Notice: No suit shall be instituted against the Government or against a Public Officer in respect of any…

Essay on The Ecological Effects of Water Pollution on the Aquatic Life and also on Humans !Each type of water pollution affects the abiotic and biotic fac­tors of different aquatic systems in different degrees and its ulti­mate effect on man remains quite drastic in medical, asthetic, and economical sense. Some of the well known ecological effects of water pollution are following: Sewage pollution: Contamination of fresh-waters and shallow offshore seas by sewage is a common occurrence. Dom­estic sewage and waste-water is about 99.9 per cent water and 0.02—0.04 per cent solids of which proteins and carbohydrates each comprise 40-50 per cent and fats 5-10 per cent (Simmons, 1974). image source: jodutt.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In other words, sewage includes mostly biodegradable po­llutants such as human faecal matter, animal wastes, and certain dissolved…

Any woman (widow) who was a limited owner of a property could not dispose of the estate except for the following purposes—(i) Legal necessity; ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) For religious purposes.Limited owner could not alienate the movable or immovable property by will. Image Source: 2.bp.blogspot.com Legal Necessity: A widow can dispose of the property acquired from her husband for necessity; however the necessity may be religious or wordly. However her right is wider with respect to religious purposes than the worldly purposes. She had to prove the necessity for worldly purposes with strict proofs and force. She can dispose of the property for wordly necessities in the same manner and circumstances as it is done by the managers of minor’s property or by Karta.The most important feature of the disposition is the…

Essay on The Trend of Human Population Growth through History |Human population increased gradually in size from the time of primitive man until about the mid 1800’s. Since then human popu­lations have increased rapidly. Population increase has been asso­ciated with major shifts in man’s relation to his environment. image source: contrarianfocus.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The ecology of man and trend of growth of human population can be studied at the following three levels: primitive man, agricultural man and industrial man. Primitive Man: It is believed that the population of our ancestors, the hominoid apes or Australopithecus and relatives, a few million years ago, were confined to Africa and total number of individuals was 125,000 only.During man’s evolutionary history, the size and Functioning of human brain has increased considerably. (The Australopithecus had small…

2 Main Constitutional Perspectives Regarding Criminal Procedure Code are as follows:(i) Article 14 of the Constitution of India: Equality before law:Article 14 of the Constitution of India provides that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. Article 14 uses two expressions ‘equality before law’ which implies the absence of any special privilege in favour of individuals and the ‘equal subject of all classes to the ordinary law’ and ‘equal protection of the law’ which implies equality of treatment in equal circumstances. However, both the expressions contain the common idea of ‘equal justice’ and mean one and the same thing of ‘equality before the law’. Image Source: bensonsaulo.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Equality before the law means…

Meaning of the term organization are given below:The term organization is used in at least three different meanings, namely: (1) the act of designing the administrative structure, (2) both designing and building the structure, i.e., planning the scheme of the structure and appointing suitable personnel to it, and (3) the resulting administrative structure itself. Image Source: c14608526.r26.cf2.rackcdn.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Some thinkers want to confine the use of the term ‘organization’ to the first of these meanings only in the interest of clarity and definiteness. Thus according to Urwick, organization ought to mean only ‘designing’ the structure. Giving the analogy of a motor car he distinguishes between designing the car, constructing it, and product, i.e., the car itself.Just as it would be ridiculous to use the word ‘designing’ for the construction of…

It sprawls over the western Himalayas and the Karakoram Mountains. It is bordered by Pakistan in west China in the north and east. It covers 222, 236 square km. of area. Strategically, therefore, the state of Jammu and Kashmir is very important. Immediately after Independence Pakistan made an all out effort to seize this state and even today, a big chunk of that territory (equal to about one-third of the total area of the state) is in the possession of Pakistan. Image Source: samvada.orgChina has also occupied some part of it. Though shorn of a large part of its territory, the state is still in possession of vital strategic routes and passes, fertile land and sites favouring the development of power, forests and mineralized areas. ADVERTISEMENTS: This state has its…

Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant:Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be found, or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, appears to the Court unreasonable, are themselves relevant facts in the following cases: Image Source: shopwindowcleaningresource.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (1) When it relates to cause of death: When the statement is made by a person as to the cause of his death, or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death, in cases in which the cause of that person’s death…

When we listen or use the word administration, at once it strikes on our mind that public administration is only one type or a part of the wider field of administration. This means there can be other types of administration for example business administration or private administration. Image Source: images.slideplayer.comSo before debating to the meaning of public administration, it will be wise to know and understand the meaning of the term “Administration”. Administrative activity in social life has been in existence from time immemorial. ADVERTISEMENTS: To define administration and public administration is very difficult task. No one has yet produced a single definition of administration and public administration that is fully acceptable to both practitioners and scholars, certainly not one that is readily understandable to laymen without any pre-existing knowledge…

The National Flood Control Policy comprises three phases:(i) Immediate phase extends over two years and comprises collection of basic hydrological data, construction of embankments, urgent repairs, improvement of river channels and raising of villages above flood levels. Image Source: climatetechwiki.org ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) Short-term phase concerns the next four to five years. It consists of improving surface drainage, establishing proper flood warning system, shifting or raising of villages over flood level, construction of channel diversions, more embankments and construction of raised platforms for use in times of flood emergency.(iii) Long-term phase envisages schemes such as construction of dams or storage reservoirs for flood protection and soil conservation in the catchment of various rivers, detention basins, and digging large channel diversions.Under the National Flood Control Programme, launched in 1954, protection measures have…