Category: Construction

1. Emergence of Railways: Although the first regular steam engine passenger run was inaugurated over a one-mile section on the 6.5 mile track from Canterbury to Whitstable, Kent, England, on May 3, 1830 hauled by the engine Invicta, railed tracks were used for mining purposes as early as 1550. These tracks were used at Leberthal, Alsace near the French-German border and at the Brosseley Colliery, Salop, England in 1605.The first self-propelled locomotive ever to run on rails was built by Richard Trevithic (1771-1883) at Salop in England. The first electric railways was Warner Von Siemen’s 600-yard- long Berlin electric track opened for the Berlin Traders’ Exhibition on May 31, 1879.The oldest underground subways railway system in the world is the London Transport subways system whose first section was opened on…

Deforestation involves the cutting down, burning, and damaging of forests.Deforestation can be defined as the change of forest with depletion of tree crown cover more than 90%. However, depletion of forest tree crown cover less than 90% is considered forest degradation. Causes of Deforestation: The main causes of deforestation are summarized below: ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) Population explosion(ii) Agriculture: shifting cultivation, overgrazing, cash crop economy etc.(iii) Commercial logging: cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp(iv) Poverty ADVERTISEMENTS: (v) Mining(vi) Dams(vii) Infrastructure creation for logging(viii) Forest-fires ADVERTISEMENTS: (ix) Acid rain(x) Development projects and housing projects. Image Source: assets.worldwildlife.org Effects of Deforestation: The ill-effects of deforestation are summarized below: (i) Soil erosion: Soil is exposed to wind, sunlight, and evaporation due to deforestation. Soil fertility goes down due to soil erosion and rapid…

Sample Essay on Earthquake – A Natural Calamity. India has been blessed by nature and that is for the entire world to envy, be it mineral resources, be it huge forests or densely wooded hills and huge cascading waterfalls joining together to form mighty rivers. We have got a huge coastline too both to the east and the west most of the rivers finding their outlets in the seas.It is nature in all its bountiful resources, the unfathomable power just waiting to be tapped fruitfully. Also nature in all its awesome glory, beautiful, mindboggling and favorable.But for all these blessings there are negative sides too, some due to over-exploitation, some due to nature’s wrath and it would not be wrong to say that there is nothing more destructive than when…

Short Biography of Medha Patkar – Medha Patkar is a well known social activist. She completed her M.A. in Social Work from Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS).She is known for her role in Narmada Bachao Andolan, an organisation fighting against construction of large dams on the river Narmada in central India, adversely affecting the lives of millions of people living in the river valley. ADVERTISEMENTS: Medha Patkar is one of the recipients of Right to Livelihood Award for the year 1991. She received the 1999 M.A.lnomas National Human Rights Award from Vigil India Movement.She has also recto, vend numerous other awards, including the Deena Nath Mangeshkar Award, Mahatma Phule Award, Goldman Environment Prize, and Green Ribbon Award for Best International Political Campaigner by BBC, and the Human Rights Defender’s…

There has been a sharp cleavage between different schools of jurisprudence or the science of law. Each school looks at it from its own point of view and lays emphasis upon some sources of law and its enforcement.Among the most important modern schools of legal study are the following:1. The Analytical School: ADVERTISEMENTS: John Austin may be regarded as the founder of the Analytical School, though he drew his inspiration from Hobbes, and Bentham, his teacher. To him law is a command given by a superior to an inferior and enforced by material sanctions.Every positive law is a creation of the sovereign power, which either established it directly or authorised some subordinate person or body to establish it, and penalties are incurred for its disobedience.The Analytical School, thus, emphasises that…

The theory of Divine Origin, though one of the earliest, has a simple explanation to offer. It is a theory of political authority and not a theory of the origin of the State.The State, its advocates maintain, was created by God and governed by His deputy or Vice-regent. It was His will that men should live in the world in a state of political society and He sent His deputy to rule over them.The ruler was a divinely appointed agent and he was responsible for his actions to God alone. As the ruler was the deputy of God, obedience to him was held to be a religious duty and resistance a sin. The advocates of the Divine Origin Theory, in this way, placed the ruler above the people as well…

Short Paragraph on Fundamental Duties – There can be no rights without duties. Perhaps the legislators had that in mind when they introduced Article 51A and Part IVA into the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.The provision enumerates Fundamental Duties, which although unenforceable in the courts of law are still useful in judicial construction of such legal provisions that admit of two constructions. There are 11 clauses from (a) to (k) in Article 51A. Till 2002, there were 10 fundamental duties but then by 86th Constitution Amendment, 2002 clause (k) was added. The newly added provision deals with the duty of a guardian or parent to provide the education to his child from 6 years of age till the time he or she turns 14. Though fundamental rights are…

Short Essay on Human Rights – Human Rights are those rights without which life with human dignity has no meaning, which explains why these rights are considered to be the very basic legal rights internationally.These rights relate to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual.Our Constitution guarantees these rights and the Supreme Court has ruled that wherever the Constitution is silent and the legislature has not made a law, those International Covenants to which India is a signatory may be enforced through the courts so far as they are consistent with the law of the land. These treaties and covenants may also be taken help of in statutory construction. Image Source: 185.26.182.219 ADVERTISEMENTS: The framers of the Constitution of India incorporated all basic human rights as Fundamental Rights and…

Free sample essay on The Public Parks. In the past there was far more open space for playing for children and playgrounds were aplenty. It was a time when there was minimum construction work and towns and cities did not suffer for want of fresh air.The air was unpolluted as vehicles running on the road were far less than now. There was no toxic vapor let into the air as now, as factories were far less before. People could sit on the pails of their houses and enjoy good breeze, chit­chatting. It was a time of leisure and streets were lined with massive trees. Streets were shady and it was a great pleasure to take a walk in the evening or morning.Now most of the places are congested with people…

The International Space Station (ISS) is a research facility which is being assembled in Low Earth Orbit. Construction of the station began in 1998, and is scheduled to be complete by 2011. Operations will continue until 2015. At present, the ISS is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit. It is bigger than any previous space station. The ISS program is a joint effort by the space agencies of the United States (NASA), Russia, Japan, Canada and ten European nations through the European Space Agency. As the space station is in a Low Earth Orbit, it is visible to the naked eye. It orbits at an altitude of approximately 350 km above the surface of the Earth, clocking an average speed of 27,700 kilometers (17,210 mi) per hour and completing…