Category: Strategy

Kurt Lewin, one of the early geniuses of the human dynamic movement, has developed a logical way of looking at change known as force-field analysis. Lewin argues that the forces supporting change and the forces opposing change converge in a “quasi-stationary equilibrium”.The forces favouring change are known as ‘driving forces’ and the forces resisting change are called ‘restraining forces‘ by Lewin. According to him, equilibrium is present when a balance exists between these two forces. Flexibility and movement are also present to some extent. Hence, the equilibrium is only quasi-stationary.If the driving and restraining forces are equal in magnitude, their will be status quo. However, if these two forces are unequal in magnitude, the quasi-static equilibrium will be disturbed. Image Source: media.showmeapp.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Change, according to Lewin, will occur only…

The evolution of human rights dates back over a hundred of years. Many multilateral treaties on human rights arose out of war. In the wake of Second World War, before the creation of United Nation in 1945, significant progress in protecting human rights has been made.In the field of International Law-the oldest branch of human rights is protecting human rights in armed conflict and to relieve human sufferings. The birth of human rights is started with the Geneva Convention in 1864, in which the International Red Cross was officially recognized.Hague Convention in 1899 and 1907 and Second Geneva Convention in 1906, as it continued the law of warfare. In 1899, the permanent Court of International Justice was established in Hague. During the first half of 20th century League of Nations,…

Main challenges of implementation of human rights are given below:(a) The challenge of well being. The international Human rights has worked to ensure well being, understood rights of liberty life and security. This Human rights are basically related to welfare of citizen by combating torture slavery, arbitrary arrest, discrimination poverty et. And to provide basic amenities like right to food, clothing shelter, education etc. to fulfill the basic needs of people is one of challenge of well being. More people are affected by poverty and child dies of starvation is as much denial of Human rights.(b) The challenge is about ‘respect’. This is the starting and ending of Human rights. The Human rights are rights given to each and every individual without any discrimination on the bases of six, religion,…

Western Ghats are chains of hills that run along western edge of peninsular India. They receive high rain fall due to their proximity to ocean and through orographic effect. Covering only 5% of India’s land surface, Ghats’s harbour more than 4000 (including 1800 endemic) plant species. Nilgiri langur, lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri tahr, Malabar grey hornbill and most amphibian species are endemic.It constitutes the Malabar province of Oriental realm. Nearly 77% of amphibians 0.2% of reptitles found here are not reported anywhere else (Biswas and Panwar, 2006) and biogeographically affinities to the Malaya region are evident. Sibynophis snakes, purple frog and Sri Lankan lizard, Nessia appears to be similar to Madagascar genus Acontias, Numerous floral links to Madagascar region also exist. Out of 49,219 recorded Indian plant species, 1600 endemic…

This occurs whenever species overlap in their utilization of resources so that any increase in the density of one species produces an adverse effect on the others. The observed persistence of many species in nature is really due to environmental heterogeneity; laboratory studies of competition in a uniform environment with a single resource lead to the elimination of all except one species.Competitive interactions have been shown to profoundly influence the distribution patterns of birds (Diamond, 1972).In some cases competition between species is difficult to demonstrate as several mechanisms may operate to decrease competition. Several cases are known where even similar species can have different food or feed at different times or occupy different habitats (Schoener, 1974). Image Source: aaacharters.net ADVERTISEMENTS: Several work­ers have attempted to model these differences in terms…

This article covers the benefits and pitfalls of disinvestment (privatisation) policy of India.Since the process of disinvestment began in 1991, no privatization took place till 2000. However, since 2000, almost 30 PSES were privatized of which many profit are making. The budget for 2000-01 provided for Rs. 10,000 crores by way of disinvestments and the target was raised to Rs. 12,000 crores in the next two budgets. In the two years 2000-02, Rs. 7443 crores were estimated as receipts but in 2002-03, Government hoped to exceed the target and even double it by putting through an accelerated programme. ADVERTISEMENTS: Government has been encouraged by the strategic sales affected in 2001 and 2002. The Supreme Court’s view is that the disinvestments procedure followed in the sale of BALCO (Bharat Aluminium Company…

Development, Planning and administration in IndiaThe complexity of social life coupled with socio­economic problems of all character at the time of independence led India to embark on development through a model of planned economy.Wherein, Civil Service came to occupy central place for government’s effort to transform and develop India. Image Source: enimg.newsbharati.com 1. History of Planning in India: ADVERTISEMENTS: i. 1935: National Planning Committee with Nehru as Chairmanii. 1945: Birla Planiii. 1946: Planning Advisory Board ADVERTISEMENTS: iv. 1950: Planning Commission with PM as Chairmanv. 1952: National Development Council 2. Planning Commission (1950): A body created by recommendation of the cabinet with a view to frame plan for the entire country so as to bring about balanced growth. Its functions were:i. To assess the material, capital and human resources of the…

Coordination is a primary method of synchronization to avoid interruptions of operations and to ensure unity of action among individuals and groups, which together help to accomplish organizational goals. Needs, significance and importance of coordination are many. Basically, we can cluster such needs in three categories as under: Image Source: cdn.yourarticlelibrary.comi. Division of labour ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. Interdependence of unitsiii. Integration of individual with organizationIn another way, such needs can be understood in the following ways:i. Coordination is important because of growth in size of organization ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. Coordination is important because of growing specializationiii. Finally, it is important due to diversity of human natureHere, however, we have discussed needs, importance and significance of coordination point wise as under:1. Specialization: ADVERTISEMENTS: Principles of division of labour and specialization require segregation of…

The product life-cycle theory was developed by Raymond Vernon in the mid-1960s. The theory presents an insightful analysis as to why in the twentieth century a large number of new products in the world were developed by the US firms and sold first in the US market.Vernon pointed out that many manufactured foods, like automobiles, televisions, instant cameras, photocopiers, personal computers, semi-conductor chips, etc. go through a continuum or cycle that consists of introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. The location of production will shift to serve markets according to the stage of cycle a product is therein. Stage 1: Introduction: Most innovations take place where there is a nearby observed need and market for them. A Japanese company will develop a new product for Japanese market and a US…

Essay on Borstal System in India !Borstals have been established in India under the Borstal School and Reformatory Schools Act, 1897. These institutions provide for adequate educational and vocational training to young offenders who are committed by the juvenile courts. After release, (which may be either absolute or conditional), from a Borstal institution, the offender is placed under the supervision of an officer appointed by the court, if necessary. image source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: The various State laws also provide for the release of juvenile offenders on a bond or security for good behaviour with or without sureties. At times, the parents or the guardians are ordered to pay fines if their child who was released on bond repeats the offence.There are at present a number of Borstals and reformatories functioning…