Category: Industry

‘The Fifth FYP (1974-79) was introduced at a time when India was in deep economic crisis due to global hike in crude oil prices. Since the planners were interested in the slogan of ‘garibi hatao’ and attainment of self-reliance it was envisaged to achieve these objectives through better distribution of income, higher rates of growth and by direct attack on the problem of unemployment, underemployment and acute poverty.The Fifth Plan was terminated by the new Janata Party government one year before its completion and the Sixth FYP was adopted. In fact, India had two Sixth FYPs practically (1978-83 and 1980- 85). The Sixth FYP adopted by the Janata Party (1978- 83) was discarded in 1980 with the change in government at the centre.The Sixth Plan (1978-83) admired the achievements of…

Petrochemicals are mainly those chemicals which are derived from petroleum. These are widely used in the production of plastics, synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, detergents, insecticides, dyestuff, etc. Various constituents of natural gas and refinery gases are separated and used for producing petrochemicals.The petrochemical industry is of very recent origin and at present, it is one of the fastest growing industries. The first petrochemical plant in India was set up by the Union Carbide India Ltd. at Trombay in 1966. The Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. (IPCL) was the first public sector plant to be located at Jawaharnagar (near Vadodara) in Gujarat. It started its production in 1973.Since then, a number of small and large petrochemical complexes have been set up in different parts of the country. Some plants mainly produce polymers…

British administrators used the abbreviation OBC to mean ‘Other Backward Castes’, in the Constitution; however, OBC refers to backward classes other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. They are described as ‘socially and educa­tionally backward classes of citizen’, ‘socially and educationally backward classes’ and as ‘backward class of citizens’ the different Articles of the Consti­tution.After independence, OBCs have been identified through specially appointed commissions. Commu­nities are included in the list of OBCs on the basis of their social and economic backwardness.The Godia Lohar community given to wandering the large castes, for instance, included is the central list of OBCs for Rajasthan, the washer men community is included in central list of OBCs for Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,…

Most of the coal deposits are about 300 million years old. The recent coal deposits of the Tertiary Age are generally of inferior quality. Depending upon the percentage of carbon present, the coal can be grouped in four types, such as peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. Image Source: 655e823511efb289952c-e82553a271b6cfdf0ae0f84b730ab65e.r82.cf2.rackcdn.com 1. Peat: It represents the first stage of coal formation, i.e. from wood to coal, today, peat is being formed at many places. It has a high percentage of moisture and volatile matter. The carbon content in peat is less than 40 per cent. It burns like wood and gives more smoke and less heat. It leaves a large amount of ash after burning. Its low heating capacity reduces its value as an industrial fuel. 2. Lignite: ADVERTISEMENTS: It is generally…

Four Important Publicity Methods Used by Tourism Organisation are given below: i. Printed Publicity Material: Printed publicity material in the field of tourist publicity is mainly composed of the publicity leaflet, folder, brochure and poster.The publicity leaflet is used among others as inset and enclosure in the case of conveying information or communicating to the knowledge of the largest possible number of persons. The folder is the most commonly used and the most important medium for tourist publicity. ADVERTISEMENTS: The brochure is different from the folder in size as well as in content and detail. The importance of the brochure in tourist publicity has not been adequately appreciated and, on account of financial reasons, it has been insufficiently utilized. The brochure offers greater possibilities than the folder to combine with…

Sir Arnold Toynbee, the noted historian of the age, has rightly declared that the twentieth century will be remembered in history not for its wars and atom bombs but for having been the first stage, since the dawn of civilization, in which it became practicable to make the benefits of civilization available to the whole human race.The industrial Revolution heralded the modern age. The greatest contribution of Industrial revolution was the steam engine the railways which has transformed the society, changed the face of the earth and dynamited the economy.Without railways renaissance would not have taken place in India. India would have remained as backward as Afghanistan, a country without railways. Image Source : indiatransportportal.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The first public railway was opened between Stockton and Darlington in northern England in…

As an industry the impact of tourism is manifold. Tourism industry nourishes a country’s economy, stimulates development process and restores the cultural heritage.This industry enjoys a major advantage over other industries that of having a unique product which might differ from state to state. For example, Goa is renowned for its sunny beaches and colonial charms, palaces which are reminders of princely era. Tourism Earns Foreign Exchange: During the 1960’s great emphasis was placed on tourism as a source of foreign exchange earner. Tourism is the one industry that earns foreign exchange for country without exhausting natural resources and without actually exporting any material goods. ADVERTISEMENTS: The income from tourism has tended to increase at a higher rate than merchandise export in a number of countries. There is now almost…

Tourism, then, is the business of attracting visitors and catering to their needs and expectations. The following is an overview of the major components of the tourism and travel industry. I. Tourist Destinations: (a) Government promotion offices ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) Regional promotion offices(c) Resort areas, convention centers. Image Source : speedcoverage.com II. Transportation: (a) Airlines.(i) Major ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) National(iii) Regional(iv) Nonscheduled /charter. (b) Ground Transporter ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) Rent-a-car(ii) Motor/coach(iii) Railroad. III. Accommodation: (a) Hotels(b) Motels (c) Resorts(d) Cruise lines. IV. Tourist Attractions: (a) Attractions(b) Theme parks(c) Museums. V. Travel Brokers: (a) Travel agents(b) Travel wholesalers(c) Tour and charter operators(d) Ground operators(e) Travel incentive companies. VI. Travel Related Services: (a) Financial (credit cards, travellers cheques, travel insurance).(b) Travel publications guide books.Our world is diverse. It is composed of countries with a variety…

Congress (I) came back to power in 1980 indicated to thrust in Industrial Policy of 1956. On 25 July, 1980 the new Industrial Policy was announced.The main features of the Industrial Policy of 1980 were.1. Revitalisation of the Public sector:The government decided to raise the efficiency of public sector undertakings. For this purpose, it proposed to strengthen their management and develop man­agement cadres in the field of finance, marketing etc. It also proposed to study the industrial units of the public sector and suggest specific steps for their betterment. Image Source: 185.26.182.219 ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Economic Federalism:It proposed to promote the concept of economic federalism with the setting up of a few nucleus plants in each district, identified as industrially backward, to generate as many ancillaries small and cottage industries for…

Today, the sugar industry is the third largest industry in the country and ranks next only to the iron and steel, and cotton industries. The effluent from sugar industries contains a large amount of dissolved organic matter.This organic matter is readily decomposed by biological action. Consequently, discharge of these liquors to surface water causes serious damage to aquatic life. In India, there are about 314 sugar factories, of which 90 are in U.P. The statewide position is given in. Of about 4.1 million tonnes of sugar produced annually, 1.1 million tonnes are produced by Uttar Pradesh. Standards for Pollutants: The standards prescribed by the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Bureau of Indian Standards, and some developed countries, e.g., the UK, USA, Japan and Switzerland. ADVERTISEMENTS: The variations in case of…