Category: Industry

Mahatma Gandhi favoured the development of panchayats, and he had made panchayats a part of his political programme since the Non-Cooperation Movement. But not all sections of the political leadership were equally enthusiastic about it Jawaharlal Nehru and B.R. Ambedkar, for their own reasons, were not too keen about it. In fact the Draft Constitution did not even mention it.After considerable procedural wrangles and more in deference to the wishes of Gandhiji, it was finally incorporated in the Constitution and that too as a thing to be merely desired.The Constitution did not contain any provision for the exact form that local self-government should take. It only stated as one of the Directive Principles; that states should take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with functions as units of…

The copper workings in India have an antiquity dating back to the second millennium BC. They are reported from Barudih in Singhbhum. We also have a small finger ring discovered at Babri, Birbhum, and West Bengal which has been formed from the chalcolithic levels and is dateable to about 1000 BC. It seems the copper mines at Chotanagpur plateau were in use at that point of time and tin as an alloy was being used to obtain bronze. In the Harappan culture copper tools were used to help cut stone tools in a finer manner.The Harappans practiced alloying of copper and tin so that a more strong metal, bronze would be available. “Whereas 70 per cent of analysed copper artefacts from Mohenjodaro and Harappa have been found to contain one…

‘Social Forestry‘ as a term was used in 1976 by the National Commission on Agriculture. The aim of the Commission was to use land of areas surrounding urban settlements that have been deforested by human activities. The government encouraged the participation of the public to cultivate surrounding land to meet their needs of food, fodder and fuel.Social forestry makes use of fallow and unused land so that deeper forests that have been safeguarded so far are saved from exploitation. It involves the raising of fast-growing trees to meet the needs of fuelwood and fodder. ADVERTISEMENTS: The village panchayats undertake this task with the help of local population to plant trees on common lands, like borders of canals, along the roads and on wastelands. Social forestry encourages development of gardens and…

India emerged from colonial rule as a free nation in 1947. It soon set about the task of developing its economy and raising the standards of living of its people in right earnest. The major ‘project’ that India embarked upon has been called nation building, economic development and transformation is an integral part of that project.When India became free, it inherited a set of institutions and policy framework from earlier times. Also the economy was at a low level of development. Given this level of development, given the institutional framework of the economy, and with the instruments and resources at its disposal, the policy makers devised a set of strategies to push forward the growth and development of the economy.The basic strategy of development adopted in India was the following.…

‘The Fifth FYP (1974-79) was introduced at a time when India was in deep economic crisis due to global hike in crude oil prices. Since the planners were interested in the slogan of ‘garibi hatao’ and attainment of self-reliance it was envisaged to achieve these objectives through better distribution of income, higher rates of growth and by direct attack on the problem of unemployment, underemployment and acute poverty.The Fifth Plan was terminated by the new Janata Party government one year before its completion and the Sixth FYP was adopted. In fact, India had two Sixth FYPs practically (1978-83 and 1980- 85). The Sixth FYP adopted by the Janata Party (1978- 83) was discarded in 1980 with the change in government at the centre.The Sixth Plan (1978-83) admired the achievements of…

Petrochemicals are mainly those chemicals which are derived from petroleum. These are widely used in the production of plastics, synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, detergents, insecticides, dyestuff, etc. Various constituents of natural gas and refinery gases are separated and used for producing petrochemicals.The petrochemical industry is of very recent origin and at present, it is one of the fastest growing industries. The first petrochemical plant in India was set up by the Union Carbide India Ltd. at Trombay in 1966. The Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. (IPCL) was the first public sector plant to be located at Jawaharnagar (near Vadodara) in Gujarat. It started its production in 1973.Since then, a number of small and large petrochemical complexes have been set up in different parts of the country. Some plants mainly produce polymers…

British administrators used the abbreviation OBC to mean ‘Other Backward Castes’, in the Constitution; however, OBC refers to backward classes other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. They are described as ‘socially and educa­tionally backward classes of citizen’, ‘socially and educationally backward classes’ and as ‘backward class of citizens’ the different Articles of the Consti­tution.After independence, OBCs have been identified through specially appointed commissions. Commu­nities are included in the list of OBCs on the basis of their social and economic backwardness.The Godia Lohar community given to wandering the large castes, for instance, included is the central list of OBCs for Rajasthan, the washer men community is included in central list of OBCs for Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,…

Most of the coal deposits are about 300 million years old. The recent coal deposits of the Tertiary Age are generally of inferior quality. Depending upon the percentage of carbon present, the coal can be grouped in four types, such as peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite. Image Source: 655e823511efb289952c-e82553a271b6cfdf0ae0f84b730ab65e.r82.cf2.rackcdn.com 1. Peat: It represents the first stage of coal formation, i.e. from wood to coal, today, peat is being formed at many places. It has a high percentage of moisture and volatile matter. The carbon content in peat is less than 40 per cent. It burns like wood and gives more smoke and less heat. It leaves a large amount of ash after burning. Its low heating capacity reduces its value as an industrial fuel. 2. Lignite: ADVERTISEMENTS: It is generally…

Four Important Publicity Methods Used by Tourism Organisation are given below: i. Printed Publicity Material: Printed publicity material in the field of tourist publicity is mainly composed of the publicity leaflet, folder, brochure and poster.The publicity leaflet is used among others as inset and enclosure in the case of conveying information or communicating to the knowledge of the largest possible number of persons. The folder is the most commonly used and the most important medium for tourist publicity. ADVERTISEMENTS: The brochure is different from the folder in size as well as in content and detail. The importance of the brochure in tourist publicity has not been adequately appreciated and, on account of financial reasons, it has been insufficiently utilized. The brochure offers greater possibilities than the folder to combine with…

Sir Arnold Toynbee, the noted historian of the age, has rightly declared that the twentieth century will be remembered in history not for its wars and atom bombs but for having been the first stage, since the dawn of civilization, in which it became practicable to make the benefits of civilization available to the whole human race.The industrial Revolution heralded the modern age. The greatest contribution of Industrial revolution was the steam engine the railways which has transformed the society, changed the face of the earth and dynamited the economy.Without railways renaissance would not have taken place in India. India would have remained as backward as Afghanistan, a country without railways. Image Source : indiatransportportal.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The first public railway was opened between Stockton and Darlington in northern England in…