Category: Industry

It is evident from the foregoing discussion that to settle differences on the work-related issues, collective bargaining as a process is perceived both by employers and employees and important machinery. We have adequately covered the general issues, which are usually settled through collective bargaining.The need for collective bargaining in India arose due to some controversial problems, which the Indian industry had to face post-World War II. One of the most important among these is that of modernization. The problems of modernization and productivity are to be viewed in a proper light in the context of industrial development on planned lines. Indian industry cannot compete in foreign markets if it does not follow modern methods of production.Since modernization causes displacement of workers, it naturally invites hostility and the workers and the…

Since the attainment of freedom the progress made in the sphere of technical education in the country is not bad, but in view of the tremendous need and the present circumstances, the pace of progress is not quite satisfactory.In other words, some progress had been made but much is yet to be achieved. We have to import small and big machines and their state of affairs is some of our own peculiar problems that hinder the technical and industrial development of the country.Unsuitable Technical Curriculum: ADVERTISEMENTS: Being predominantly an agricultural country, India’s need, till some time back, was limited to the manufacture of agricultural implements only. Different sections of the society manufactured items of daily use.This section of the society in course of time, were typed different castes on the…

W.H. Hadow was the chairman of the Consultative Committee in 1926. Hadow was entrusted with the responsibility of giving suggestions for educational reforms.The committee under him submitted its Report in 1926 regarding the education of juveniles. At that time, only 10% of the children of the country were receiving secondary education. The Committee recommended that all the children between the age ranges of 11 to 15 years should receive secondary education.Upto 11 years of age each child should receive post- primary education after completing his primary education. For this the necessity of establishing more secondary schools was emphasised. Image Source : is5.mzstatic.com ADVERTISEMENTS: These schools were termed as Modern Schools, Grammar Schools, Senior Classes, Junior Technical Schools and Trade Schools. Science or literature was given the necessary place in these…

Perfect Competition refers to a market where large numbers of buyers and sellers, well aware of the market conditions, compete among themselves freely so that the prices of same goods tend to be equal.Perfect Competition is also called Perfect Competitive market or simply the perfect market. In this market no individual buyer or seller can influence the market price in any way.According to Cournot, “A perfect market is one in which the buyers have no preferences as between different units of the commodity offered for sale, sellers are quite indifferent to whom they sell and both buyers and sellers have full knowledge of prices in other part of the market.” Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: From the above definition it is clear that perfect competition is an ideal form of market…

1. Agricultural activity such as tilling, harvesting, heating and ventilation are direct consumes of: (a) Energy(b) Air ADVERTISEMENTS: (c) Sun(d) Heat Image Source :russia-insider.com2. Which of the following is not the effect of modern agriculture? ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) Nitrate pollution(b) Eutrophication(c) Biomagnification(d) Ozone depletion ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Housing affects: (a) Neighbourhood(b) Energy consumption(c) Water consumption(d) All of the above 4. The human activity, among the following, which causes maximum environmental pollution having regional and global impacts, is: (a) Urbanization(b) Industrialisation(c) Agriculture(d) Mining5. Production, transformation and use of energy are the major problems of: (a) Industrial activity(b) Sustainable development(c) Global warming(d) Acid rain6. A chemical industry is not a cause of:(a) Air pollution(b) Noise pollution(c) Water pollution(d) Nuclear pollution7. Electronic waste is the adverse effect of: (a) Industry(b) Agriculture(c) Housing(d) Mining8. Extraction of…

Every organisation maintains a list of vendors, trade group-wise whom they approach for their need of materials. This list is under constant review. Unsatisfactory suppliers are eliminated and new suppliers are added to enhance competition.Also new suppliers have to be found for newer materials required on ever expanding business. How does one obtain information regarding potential suppliers? An important function of the purchase research section will be to obtain this information from the following sources and keep a classified record for reference when necessary.The sources of information regarding the potential suppliers are: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Newspaper advertisements2. Trade directories3. Catalogue, price lists etc.4. Trade journals ADVERTISEMENTS: 5. Salesmen6. Advertised tender7. Telephone directories8. Exchange of information between similar companies ADVERTISEMENTS: 9. Trade exhibitions and fairs10. Personnel from other departments of the company11.…

Mahatma Gandhi favoured the development of panchayats, and he had made panchayats a part of his political programme since the Non-Cooperation Movement. But not all sections of the political leadership were equally enthusiastic about it Jawaharlal Nehru and B.R. Ambedkar, for their own reasons, were not too keen about it. In fact the Draft Constitution did not even mention it.After considerable procedural wrangles and more in deference to the wishes of Gandhiji, it was finally incorporated in the Constitution and that too as a thing to be merely desired.The Constitution did not contain any provision for the exact form that local self-government should take. It only stated as one of the Directive Principles; that states should take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with functions as units of…

The copper workings in India have an antiquity dating back to the second millennium BC. They are reported from Barudih in Singhbhum. We also have a small finger ring discovered at Babri, Birbhum, and West Bengal which has been formed from the chalcolithic levels and is dateable to about 1000 BC. It seems the copper mines at Chotanagpur plateau were in use at that point of time and tin as an alloy was being used to obtain bronze. In the Harappan culture copper tools were used to help cut stone tools in a finer manner.The Harappans practiced alloying of copper and tin so that a more strong metal, bronze would be available. “Whereas 70 per cent of analysed copper artefacts from Mohenjodaro and Harappa have been found to contain one…

‘Social Forestry‘ as a term was used in 1976 by the National Commission on Agriculture. The aim of the Commission was to use land of areas surrounding urban settlements that have been deforested by human activities. The government encouraged the participation of the public to cultivate surrounding land to meet their needs of food, fodder and fuel.Social forestry makes use of fallow and unused land so that deeper forests that have been safeguarded so far are saved from exploitation. It involves the raising of fast-growing trees to meet the needs of fuelwood and fodder. ADVERTISEMENTS: The village panchayats undertake this task with the help of local population to plant trees on common lands, like borders of canals, along the roads and on wastelands. Social forestry encourages development of gardens and…

India emerged from colonial rule as a free nation in 1947. It soon set about the task of developing its economy and raising the standards of living of its people in right earnest. The major ‘project’ that India embarked upon has been called nation building, economic development and transformation is an integral part of that project.When India became free, it inherited a set of institutions and policy framework from earlier times. Also the economy was at a low level of development. Given this level of development, given the institutional framework of the economy, and with the instruments and resources at its disposal, the policy makers devised a set of strategies to push forward the growth and development of the economy.The basic strategy of development adopted in India was the following.…