Category: Industry

The country’s coal resources are placed at about 112 billion tonnes. But these are unevenly distributed, mostly occurring in the eastern and central parts of the country.The present rate of coal raising which is about 1400 million tonnes per annum is required to go up to about 1700 million tonnes by the year 2010. Assuming 50 per cent recovery of the reserves in the ground, the depletion time will only be about 120 years. ADVERTISEMENTS: Moreover, the ash in Indian coal is highly abrasive and poses serious problems to power plant equipments. Coal prices over the last 15 years have been rising at a faster rate than general inflation and this trend is likely to continue in future. Coming to the environmental aspects of burning coal for power generation, it…

Essay on the Major Kinds and Sources of Air Pollutants !A major source of air pollution is the particulate and gaseous matter released by the burning of fossil fuels such as coal petroleum, etc. image source: ccceh.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Out of this comes a variety of emissions:(1) Fine particles (less than 100 in diameter), which include carbon parti­cles, metallic dusts, tars, resins, aerosols, solid oxides, nitrates, and sulphates;(2) Coarser particles (over 200/m), largely carbon particles and heavy dust that is quickly removed by gravity from the air;(3) Sulphur compounds; ADVERTISEMENTS: (4) Nitrogen compounds;(5) Oxygen compounds;(6) Halogens; and(7) Radioactive substances. ADVERTISEMENTS: These pollutants are artificial pollutants and they are poured in air mainly by at least five major fuel-burning sources. Automo­biles (cars, scooters, motorcycles) are the greatest sources of air pollution. They…

Types of Water Pollution: Types of water pollution may be classified by the medium in which they occur, such as surface water pollution, ground water pollution, soil water pollution, etc.; the habitat in which they occur, such as river pollution, lake pollution, estuarine pollution, coastal water pollution, open ocean pollution, etc.; and source or type of contamination, such as nutrient pollution, bacterial pollution, viral pollution, metallic pollution, petrochemical pollution, pesticide pollu­tion, thermal pollution, radioactive pollution, etc. image source: siddequi.jagranjunction.com Kinds and Sources of Water Pollutants: Pollutants entering water sources are classified broadly into following categories: domestic sewage and oxygen-demanding wastes; infectious agents; plant nutrients; chemicals such as in­secticides, herbicides, and detergents; other minerals and chemicals; sediment from land erosions; radioactive substances; and heat from power and industrial plants. ADVERTISEMENTS: These…

Here is your essay on Methods used to Control Air Pollution !Most kinds of air pollutions can be controlled by modern technology, but the costs ultimately be borne by the public in the form of higher prices for manufactured goods, higher taxes, redu­ced profit margins in industry, and more restrictions on individual activities such as burning leaves and trash and use of automobiles. The benefits involve not only improved environmental quality, but improved health, improved agriculture and plant growth, and reduced deterioration of material goods. image source: climate.america.gov ADVERTISEMENTS: In USA, various devices such as the positive crankcase venti­lation valve and catalytic converter have been developed to reduce exhaust emissions by automobiles, but these devices are not always fully maintained by the public.Likewise, particulate pollution from industry and power generation…

The essence of human relations theory lies in its primary emphasis on human beings, psychological motivation, and informal group behaviour in contradiction to the traditionalist exclusive concern for principles of organisation. Image Source: images.flatworldknowledge.comThe human relations movement in industry began with the research of Elton Mayo and his associate in a series of studies carried out at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company between 1927 and 1932. The background of the Hawthorne experiments provides an interesting picture of the transition from scientific management to the early human relations movement. ADVERTISEMENTS: Mayo revealed that an organisation was more than a formal structure or arrangement of functions. He wrote that an organisation is a social system, a system of cliques, grapevines informal status systems rituals and a mixture of logical,…

Concept and meaning of public administration are given below:A number of scholars of public administration and allied disciplines have attempted to define the concept of development administration. Some have defined it from a strictly economic perspective. Image Source: images.slideplayer.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The public administration dictionary defines development administration as “the enhancement or improvement of techniques, processes, and systems organized to increase the administrative capacity of a nation, usually a newly emerging nations”.Martin Landau defines it as the “engineering of social change”. He defines it “as a directive and directional process which is intended to make things happen in a certain way over intervals of time”.To Edward W. Weidner, “development administration is concerned with maximizing innovation for development”. He defines innovation for development as “the process of planned oriented change in the…

This mountainous region lies between Jammu and Kashmir State to the north-west and Nepal to the south-east. It comprises the Punjab Himalayas (that part of the Himalayas which lies in Himachal Pradesh) and the Kumaun Himalayas that part of the Himalayas which lies in Uttarakhand. Image Source: humanandnatural.com Relief Features: This is a highly rugged region covered with snow and elevation of 4250 m. This part consists of three mountain ranges, the Great Himalayan Range in the north, the Siwalik Range along the plains in the south and the Lesser Himalaya which is locally known as Dhaolodhar in Himachal Pradesh and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand) in between them. ADVERTISEMENTS: The mountain ranges extending in the east-west direction are deeply dissected by the rivers flowing southwards or south-westwards. Intermontane basins and plateaus…

This region is engrossed with the menace of water logging and excessive soil salinity or Thur. Image Source: d.ibtimes.co.ukThere are large numbers of seasonal hill torrents which leave the Siwalik Range and enter the level plain. These torrents are swollen with water soon after heavy showers in the neighbouring hills and carry with them a heavy load of coarse sand and silt. They are furious when rushing to the plains. They are called ‘chos’ in the plain where their beds are broad, braided, shallow and sandy. They are quite numerous and in some places every kilometre has a ‘chos’. ADVERTISEMENTS: The ‘chos’ have laid waste large area of the fertile plain. Land is rendered sterile by the triple action of ‘chos’, that is by:(i) The lateral corrosion near the hills,(ii)…

There seems to be a sharp divergence of opinions among experts about the worth of Taylors work. Opinions concerning to merits of Taylors contribution to the scientific management movement range from that of exalted worship his designation as the father of scientific management to that of exposing him as original recipient of undue credit’. Taylor’s work was criticized on following ground: Image Source: 72abfb7c1a8a71411901-4a3d306595cd09781b35fe13ebdb4f63.r27.cf2.rackcdn.comTaylor was criticised by various scholars among which most important are Oliver Sheldon, a British Management thinker, Miss Marry Parker Follett an American business Philosopher, ADVERTISEMENTS: Sam Lewisohn, Elton Mayo, Peter Drucker and others. They charged that Taylor’s scientific management was impersonal and under emphasised the human factors. This criticism led to a series of experiments in industrial sociology and psychology.The classic Hawthorn experiment of Elton Mayo…

Drought can occur in any area regardless of the amount of rainfall the area may receive or irrespective of its scientific and social advancement, it can occur in small pockets or over a large area. Drought can occur at any time and cause scarcity of water for drinking, irrigation, industry and urban needs. Drought causes deficiency in soil moisture and makes the land unproductive. Image Source: grandmaratha.comThis causes damage to the crops. Droughts are caused due to failure of monsoon or when it is delayed or arrives early or withdraws without giving rain. These circumstances have produced a continuing expansion in India’s drought prone areas. Drought is no longer a natural disaster; it is a direct consequence of human activity. The resulting human suffering is enormous and growing. Classification of…