Category: Industry

Difference between “Fair Wage”, “Living Wage” and “Actual Wage” are described below: 1. Fair Wage: That level of wage which is sufficiently high to provide a standard family with food, shelter, clothing, medical care and education of children, appropriate to the workman but not at rate exceeding his wage earring capacity in the class of establishment of which he belongs. image source: syp.org.uk ADVERTISEMENTS: A fair wage is thus related to the earing capacity and work load. It should not be lower than the minimum wage in any case.So lower limit being the minimum wage, the upper limit would be set by what may broadly be called the capacity of industry to pay (i.e. living wage) depending not only on its present economic position but also on its future prospects.…

Here is your Essay on the Water Conservation!Water occurs naturally in gaseous, solid and liquid phases ; man’s use of it is nearly all concerned with the last state and is also dominated by his demand for water relatively low in dissolved salts, i.e., freshwater. image source: nationalselfrelianceassociation.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Two Russian geographers and hydrologists, Kalinin and Bykov (1969) have estimated world’s total water reso­urces. Of 1.46 ? 109 cubic kilometers of water in the world, 93 per cent is in the oceans, 4-1 per cent is in the earth’s crust, 2.0 per cent is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and only 0 052 per cent is in fresh-water lakes, rivers, and atmospheric moisture.The annual production of freshwater by evaporation and precipitation is esti­mated to be 37,000 cubic kilometers. At…

Electrical power is the most vital energy input for the industry, the household and the national economy India with a bursting populace of 110 million power hungry individuals is the leading nation among the developing countries concentrating on cost-effective power generation, transmission and distribution for her ever growing needs. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.orgThe history of electrical power in India is more than a century old. The British rule brought the electrical power generating stations in the late nineteenth century in Maharashtra. ADVERTISEMENTS: The first Prime Minister of India, the late Jawaharlal Nehru inaugurated the Bhakra Nangal dam in the late 1950s and thus laid the foundation of a power-rich country.The railway routes between New Delhi-Bombay (Mumbai) and New Delhi- Chennai were electrified during the sixties and remain operational till date. The…

A retail revolution is taking its roots in India. Though a new phenomena, yet it is making fast strides and is visible everywhere. In a very short span of two years, it has exploded on the Indian firmament as a huge business opportunity.This vast multicultural country India is transforming from a socialist economy to a consumption led creative economy. Retailing in India is poised for boom time due to unprecedented surge in domestic consumption. Organised modern retail today forms around 9 per cent of total retail in the country. ADVERTISEMENTS: Changing demographic profiles, increasing income levels, changing lifestyles, urbanisation, technological advancements and liberalisation and globalisation have brought about a dramatic change in consumers aspirations choices, preferences and tastes as well.In this scenario when the population is ageing that is 50…

With the establishment of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, which had Research and Development by Industry (RDI) as one of its first schemes, the Council’s undertaking numerous activities in the field of industrial research provided a strong technological infrastructure to industry in the country.The Council’s activities covered a chain of national laboratories, specialised centres, various R&D and academic institutions and training centres. A scheme for granting recognition to in-house R&D units in industry operated by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was initiated.The incentives and support measures made available to recognised in-house R&D units in industry were: (i) Income Tax relief on R&D expenditure, (ii) Weighted Tax Deduction for sponsored research, (iii) Customs Duty exemption on goods imported for use in government-funded R&D projects, (iv) Duty…

Since independence, the public sector in India has been guided by the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which had as its objective the acceleration of the rate of economic growth and speeding up of the industrialisation as means of achieving the socialist pattern of society.The size of the public sector in India is indeed very large. It includes government departments and its companies whether in the Union or state sector, irrigation and power projects, railways, posts and telegraphs, ordnance factories and other departmental undertakings, banking, insurance, financial and other services. The focus here was on the Central public enterprises established as government companies or statutory corporations excluding banking units. ADVERTISEMENTS: The logic behind public sector undertakings was that private entrepreneurs were always in search of profit and this motive urged…

The country’s coal resources are placed at about 112 billion tonnes. But these are unevenly distributed, mostly occurring in the eastern and central parts of the country.The present rate of coal raising which is about 1400 million tonnes per annum is required to go up to about 1700 million tonnes by the year 2010. Assuming 50 per cent recovery of the reserves in the ground, the depletion time will only be about 120 years. ADVERTISEMENTS: Moreover, the ash in Indian coal is highly abrasive and poses serious problems to power plant equipments. Coal prices over the last 15 years have been rising at a faster rate than general inflation and this trend is likely to continue in future. Coming to the environmental aspects of burning coal for power generation, it…

Essay on the Major Kinds and Sources of Air Pollutants !A major source of air pollution is the particulate and gaseous matter released by the burning of fossil fuels such as coal petroleum, etc. image source: ccceh.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Out of this comes a variety of emissions:(1) Fine particles (less than 100 in diameter), which include carbon parti­cles, metallic dusts, tars, resins, aerosols, solid oxides, nitrates, and sulphates;(2) Coarser particles (over 200/m), largely carbon particles and heavy dust that is quickly removed by gravity from the air;(3) Sulphur compounds; ADVERTISEMENTS: (4) Nitrogen compounds;(5) Oxygen compounds;(6) Halogens; and(7) Radioactive substances. ADVERTISEMENTS: These pollutants are artificial pollutants and they are poured in air mainly by at least five major fuel-burning sources. Automo­biles (cars, scooters, motorcycles) are the greatest sources of air pollution. They…

Types of Water Pollution: Types of water pollution may be classified by the medium in which they occur, such as surface water pollution, ground water pollution, soil water pollution, etc.; the habitat in which they occur, such as river pollution, lake pollution, estuarine pollution, coastal water pollution, open ocean pollution, etc.; and source or type of contamination, such as nutrient pollution, bacterial pollution, viral pollution, metallic pollution, petrochemical pollution, pesticide pollu­tion, thermal pollution, radioactive pollution, etc. image source: siddequi.jagranjunction.com Kinds and Sources of Water Pollutants: Pollutants entering water sources are classified broadly into following categories: domestic sewage and oxygen-demanding wastes; infectious agents; plant nutrients; chemicals such as in­secticides, herbicides, and detergents; other minerals and chemicals; sediment from land erosions; radioactive substances; and heat from power and industrial plants. ADVERTISEMENTS: These…

Here is your essay on Methods used to Control Air Pollution !Most kinds of air pollutions can be controlled by modern technology, but the costs ultimately be borne by the public in the form of higher prices for manufactured goods, higher taxes, redu­ced profit margins in industry, and more restrictions on individual activities such as burning leaves and trash and use of automobiles. The benefits involve not only improved environmental quality, but improved health, improved agriculture and plant growth, and reduced deterioration of material goods. image source: climate.america.gov ADVERTISEMENTS: In USA, various devices such as the positive crankcase venti­lation valve and catalytic converter have been developed to reduce exhaust emissions by automobiles, but these devices are not always fully maintained by the public.Likewise, particulate pollution from industry and power generation…