Category: Industry

The family wakfs or wakfs for alal-aulad are primarily based on ijma, though a tradition of the Prophet is also cited in their favour. The Prophet is reported to have said, “When a Muslim bestows on his family and kindred, hoping for reward in the next world, it becomes alms, although he has not given to the poor, but to his family and children”. Image Source: 2.bp.blogspot.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Writing after the Privy Council decision in Abdul Fata Md. v. Russomony Dhur Chowdhary (in which family wakfs were held void) with much fervour and zeal, Ameer Ali wrote thus about family wakfs: “From the promulgation of Islam upto the present day there has been an absolute consensus of opinion regarding the validity of wakfs for one’s children, kindred and neighbours. Practical…

It bypasses sexual process in the development of new crop varieties. Image Source: i.ytimg.comIt overcomes the barriers of crops incompatibility in distant crossed (interspecific and intergeneric crosses). ADVERTISEMENTS: It helps in development of transgenic (genetically engineered) plants with resistance to herbicides, biotic and abiotic stresses and improvement in quality.It is a rapid method of crop improvement, e.g. tetraploid plants can be obtained in one step through protoplast fusion.Plant Tissue Culture: Plant tissue culture refers to growth of living plant tissues in a suitable culture medium (in vitro). In a broad sense, it is referred as cultivation of plant organs, tissues of cells in test tubes on an artificial media; often the techniques of plant cell and tissue culture are also called in vitro techniques. ADVERTISEMENTS: “Culture medium” is a nutrient…

Here is your Essay on Agriculture in India – (602 Words).The word agriculture comes from the Latin words ager-referring to the soil and culture-to its cultivation. Agriculture, in its widest sense can be defined as the cultivation and production of crop plants or livestock products. It is synonymous with farming: the field or field dependent production of food, fodder and industrial organic materials. Image Source: ictinagriculture.org History of Indian Agriculture: The history of agriculture and civilisation go hand in hand as the food production made it possible for primitive man to settle down in selected spots leading to formation of society and initiation of civilisation. ADVERTISEMENTS: Western Asia is considered to be the birth place of agricultural revolution where wild ancestors of wheat and barley and domesticated animals like goat,…

Maintenance of plant, building, machinery and equipment plays an important part in determining the life expectancy of physical assets. The actual service lives may be lengthened considerably by a good maintenance programme. image source: blogs.dctc.eduThe purpose of plant maintenance is usually secondary, however to the need for keeping industrial building and their equipment and good working order. Therefore, the objectives of maintenance are twofold: ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) To keep the plant in working conditions.(b) To arrest depreciation and forestall obsolescence. “Maintenance in the industrial plant is the upkeep, repair, renewal and replacement of worn, damaged or obsolete parts of building, machinery and equipments.” Maintenance may be preventive or corrective in character. Preventive maintenance implies frequent inspection to detect minor faults and the early correction of them, supplemented by periodic overhauling in…

Difference between “Fair Wage”, “Living Wage” and “Actual Wage” are described below: 1. Fair Wage: That level of wage which is sufficiently high to provide a standard family with food, shelter, clothing, medical care and education of children, appropriate to the workman but not at rate exceeding his wage earring capacity in the class of establishment of which he belongs. image source: syp.org.uk ADVERTISEMENTS: A fair wage is thus related to the earing capacity and work load. It should not be lower than the minimum wage in any case.So lower limit being the minimum wage, the upper limit would be set by what may broadly be called the capacity of industry to pay (i.e. living wage) depending not only on its present economic position but also on its future prospects.…

Here is your Essay on the Water Conservation!Water occurs naturally in gaseous, solid and liquid phases ; man’s use of it is nearly all concerned with the last state and is also dominated by his demand for water relatively low in dissolved salts, i.e., freshwater. image source: nationalselfrelianceassociation.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Two Russian geographers and hydrologists, Kalinin and Bykov (1969) have estimated world’s total water reso­urces. Of 1.46 ? 109 cubic kilometers of water in the world, 93 per cent is in the oceans, 4-1 per cent is in the earth’s crust, 2.0 per cent is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and only 0 052 per cent is in fresh-water lakes, rivers, and atmospheric moisture.The annual production of freshwater by evaporation and precipitation is esti­mated to be 37,000 cubic kilometers. At…

Electrical power is the most vital energy input for the industry, the household and the national economy India with a bursting populace of 110 million power hungry individuals is the leading nation among the developing countries concentrating on cost-effective power generation, transmission and distribution for her ever growing needs. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.orgThe history of electrical power in India is more than a century old. The British rule brought the electrical power generating stations in the late nineteenth century in Maharashtra. ADVERTISEMENTS: The first Prime Minister of India, the late Jawaharlal Nehru inaugurated the Bhakra Nangal dam in the late 1950s and thus laid the foundation of a power-rich country.The railway routes between New Delhi-Bombay (Mumbai) and New Delhi- Chennai were electrified during the sixties and remain operational till date. The…

A retail revolution is taking its roots in India. Though a new phenomena, yet it is making fast strides and is visible everywhere. In a very short span of two years, it has exploded on the Indian firmament as a huge business opportunity.This vast multicultural country India is transforming from a socialist economy to a consumption led creative economy. Retailing in India is poised for boom time due to unprecedented surge in domestic consumption. Organised modern retail today forms around 9 per cent of total retail in the country. ADVERTISEMENTS: Changing demographic profiles, increasing income levels, changing lifestyles, urbanisation, technological advancements and liberalisation and globalisation have brought about a dramatic change in consumers aspirations choices, preferences and tastes as well.In this scenario when the population is ageing that is 50…

With the establishment of the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, which had Research and Development by Industry (RDI) as one of its first schemes, the Council’s undertaking numerous activities in the field of industrial research provided a strong technological infrastructure to industry in the country.The Council’s activities covered a chain of national laboratories, specialised centres, various R&D and academic institutions and training centres. A scheme for granting recognition to in-house R&D units in industry operated by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was initiated.The incentives and support measures made available to recognised in-house R&D units in industry were: (i) Income Tax relief on R&D expenditure, (ii) Weighted Tax Deduction for sponsored research, (iii) Customs Duty exemption on goods imported for use in government-funded R&D projects, (iv) Duty…

Since independence, the public sector in India has been guided by the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which had as its objective the acceleration of the rate of economic growth and speeding up of the industrialisation as means of achieving the socialist pattern of society.The size of the public sector in India is indeed very large. It includes government departments and its companies whether in the Union or state sector, irrigation and power projects, railways, posts and telegraphs, ordnance factories and other departmental undertakings, banking, insurance, financial and other services. The focus here was on the Central public enterprises established as government companies or statutory corporations excluding banking units. ADVERTISEMENTS: The logic behind public sector undertakings was that private entrepreneurs were always in search of profit and this motive urged…