22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Important Reasons Behind the Emergence of “Political Sociology”

Trade
Politics is the science of political relations, interactions and processes. All relations involved in the exercise of power in society are political relations. In this way Politics involves the study of human political behaviour and power relations in society.Sociology is the study of society i.e. social groups, social relations, social processes, social institutions and social structures. Maclver defines Society as ‘the web of social relations “. In this way Sociology involves the study of society.Since all human relations and interactions take place in society, Sociology studies all social interactions and relations. Social, economic, political, religious, cultural and in fact all types of relations and interactions which take place in every society fall within the scope of Sociology. Image Source: thyblackman.com ADVERTISEMENTS: That is why Sociology is popularly regarded as the…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

8 Essential Features of Social Stratification in India

Traditions
The following are the essential elements/features of Social Stratification: 1. Inequality or Higher-lower positions: Social Stratification involves division of society into several layers which stand hierarchically placed in social relations. While some positions or levels carry more rewards, more privileges, more respect, and these are considered to be higher levels; others enjoy lower positions and status. In this way stratification acts as a source of social inequality which is, however, deemed to be natural and essential for orderly, systematic and healthy social life. Image Source: blog.oxfamamerica.org.s3.amazonaws.com 2. Social Stratification is a Source of Competition: ADVERTISEMENTS: Stratification leads to the emergence of several levels in society. The persons belonging to higher levels are conscious of their higher positions and they try to maintain and improve these. The persons belonging to lower…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

How to Judge the Legitimacy of a Political System?

Government
Legitimacy being the degree of faith, rightfulness, justness, respect and willing support that a political system and its authority-holders enjoy, no political system can function without it.However, legitimacy cannot be measured only in terms of the obedience of laws and policies by the people, because it can be a forced obedience, or obedience due to a fear of the power of the rulers.In authoritarian and totalitarian political systems and in dictatorships the rulers secure a high degree of obedience for their policies and rules, but their regimes always lack real legitimacy. Image Source: 7c5fc62517c2783a51a7-bc7e8b90b859c9d118bc40a7a1ae6ac9.r65.cf2.rackcdn.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In such systems, the authority holders use coercion to get their commands accepted. A dictator always comes to power by the use of force, violence suppression or dominance. However, he later on tries to secure…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

5 Important Natures of “Social Stratification” According to “Melvin Tumin”

Philosophers
According to Tumin, the nature of Social Stratification becomes clear from its following features: 1. Social Stratification is a Social Phenomenon: Stratification is social because it does not represent biologically caused inequalities. It is true that biological factors like age, sex, strength can also serve as the basis on which the status or strata and distinguished. Image Source: embed.wistia.com ADVERTISEMENTS: These factors do not determine social superiority or inferiority until these are recognised by society. For example, a man attains the position of chief executive officer in a company not on the basis of his sex or age but by the reason of his education, training and skill which are socially recognised and more important than biological traits.Tumin observes that stratification system is: (a) Governed by social norms and sanctions,(b)…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

4 Most Important Theories of “Social Stratification”

Fashion
Most Important Theories of Social Stratification which use in Every Society are given below: I. Marxian Theory of Social Stratification: Marxian perspective provides a radical alterative to functionalist perspective of the nature of social stratification. In the Communist Manifesto’, Marx enunciated the theory of social stratification which is based on division rather than integration of classes. Image Source: economicstudents.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In the concerted view of Marx and his followers in all stratified societies, there are two major social groups, a ruling class (the Haves) and a subject class (Have-nots) the power of the ruling class derives its power from its ownership and control of the forces of production.The ruling class exploits the subject class. As a result a conflict of interest and class struggle between the two classes emerges and…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

11 Differences between “Power” and “Authority” in Politics

Traditions
The Differences between Power and Authority in Politics are:1. Power is the ability to produce a change in the behaviour of others through the use of force or coercion or threat of use of force. Authority is the recognised power/legal right of the authority-holder to direct and regulate the behaviour of his subjects.2. Power may or may not be legitimate. It can be illegitimate also. Power based on naked force, dominance and suppression is illegitimate power. As against this, what is called Authority is essentially a legitimate power. Legitimacy is the hall-mark of Authority. Image Source: cdn.publishyourarticles.net ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Power is based upon force. Its basis is force or threat of use of force. Authority is based upon the constitution, laws or rights or traditions. It enjoys the status of…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Brief Notes on “Old English Vocabulary”

History
The Old English vocabulary can be discussed under the following three headings. (i) The Latin Influence: Even while the Anglo-Saxons were in their original homeland in north-western Europe, they borrowed some Latin words, probably from the Roman merchants, words like cheese, wine and kitchen, for example. After the introduction of Christianity towards the end of the 6th century, Old English borrowed from Latin a number of words connected with the Christian faith.It was during this period that Latin words like bishop, priest, pope, church, mass, nun and apostle were introduced in English. It may be pointed out here that the number of words borrowed during this period from Latin was negligible if we study the Old English vocabulary in relation to the vocabulary of Modern English in which no less…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Brief Notes on “Wobble Hypothesis” of Genetic Code

Essays
The triplet code or codon is degenerate i.e., there are many more codons than there are amino acids. Only 20 amino acids are involved in protein synthesis, while there are 64 possibilities or types of codons (43).Hence more than one codon can code for an amino acid. It is interesting to find out as to why the codes are degenerate? There could have been only so many codons as there are amino acids. But there is problem here.If there were to be only one code for an amino acid, what happens if there is a mutation at that site in DNA? Obviously the code changes and the amino acid cannot be incorporated in the protein leading to abnormalities. Image Source: barleyworld.org ADVERTISEMENTS: On the other hand, if there are alternate…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

Brief Notes on “Termination Codons” (or Nonsense Codons)

Essays
AUG (occasionally GUG) initiates the synthesize of a protein chain. The natural question would be which codon specifies or signals the end of termination of the synthesis of the protein chain.It has been found out that three of the 64 codons do not specify any tRNA and as such they cannot assemble any amino acid. As such these codons whenever they are found in mRNA would signal the end of the chain.They are called termination codons as they terminate the synthesis of the polypeptide chain. They are also called nonsense codons as they do not specify any amino acid. The nonsense codons are UAG (amber) UAA (ochre) and UGA (opal). Image Source: proteomesci.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Of the three termination codons UAG was the first termination codon to be discovered. It was…
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22Oct 2018 by Reese Bannister

How the DNA is Obtained from mRNA? (2 Methods)

Essays
In shotgun method gene cloning is a general one and not specific. As the genes to be cloned are not identified and isolated before, the chances of inserting a particular gene by this method are very rare.Another specific method of isolating gene is to first obtain the messenger RNA transcribed by that particular gene and then obtain DNA from mRNA. DNA from mRNA can be obtained by the following two methods: Image Source: i.huffpost.com 1. Hybridization method: ADVERTISEMENTS: When DNA transcribes and forms mRNA a complex is formed. The hybridization method depends on this mechanism.At the first step the total DNA from an organism is isolated and treated with heat or alkali to convert it into a single stranded form.These single strands are then mixed with the specific mRNA obtained…
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