16Oct 2018 by admin

Useful Notes on Electrovalent, Covalent and Hydrogen Bond

Biology
The manner in which atoms are bounded together is of critical importance in all biochemical reactions. Three kinds of bonds may be briefly considered here: electrovalent, covalent and hydrogen. 1. Electrovalent bond: An electrovalent bond is formed by the transfer (not sharing) of one or more electrons from the outer shell of one element, say sodium, to another, say chlorine. Sodium has a single (“extra”) outer electron; it lacks seven of the eight electrons needed for stability of his outer shell. Chlorine has seven outermost electrons; its outermost shell is one electron short of complete stability. Image Source: 2012books.lardbucket.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Each atom would gain greater stability by combining with the other. The sodium tends to give up its single electron; the chlorine tends to saturate its outer electron shell by…
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16Oct 2018 by admin

Biology Question Bank – 21 MCQs on “Excretion and Osmoregulation” – Answered!

Biology
21 Questions with Answers and Explanations on “Excretion & Osmoregulation” for Biology Students.1. Reabsorption of useful substances from glomerular filtrate occurs in (a) collecting tube Image Source: images.slideplayer.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) loop of Henle(c) proximal convoluted tubule(d) distal convoluted tubule. ADVERTISEMENTS: Answer and Explanation: 1. (c): The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule are well adapted for reabsorption of materials from the filtrate. They have abundant mitochondria and bear numerous microvilli on the free side. Mitochondria power the active transport of nutrient molecules back into the blood. The cells reabsorb entire glucose, amino acids, most of the inorganic ions (Na+, K+, Cl~), much of the water as well as some urea from the filtrate.2. Brush border is characteristic of (a) neck of nephron ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) collecting tube(c) proximal convoluted tubule(d) all…
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16Oct 2018 by admin

Short Speech on 'Pantothenic Acid’ (324 Words)

Sciences
Pantothenic acid (B6) was at first called the filtrate factor and was given its present name by its discoverer, R.J. Williams. . Image Source: classconnection.s3.amazonaws.comThis vitamin has been known as growth factor for small organisms such as bacteria and protozoans. It is also essential for cellular metabolism as it forms part of an enzyme system. ADVERTISEMENTS: The term pantothenic acid is derived from the Greek word pantothen meaning from everywhere. The vitamin had been given many names before its chemistry and identity were completely established.The pure acid is a pale yellow viscous oil, readily soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol and other fat solvents. It is unstable and for this reason it is solid as a calcium salt.Chemically pantothenic acid C3H17N06 is an aliphatic compound containing an amide linkage,…
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12Oct 2018 by admin

Difference between “Corporation Aggregate” and “Corporation Sole” – Explained!

Agriculture
A corporation is an organized body of coexist­ing or successive persons which by a legal fiction is regarded and treated as itself a person. Image Source: ipwatch.comCorporations are of two kinds corporation aggregate and corporation sole. Corporation Aggregate: ADVERTISEMENTS: A corporation aggregate is a group of co-existing persons. “It is a collection of individuals united into one body under a special denomination, having perpetual succession under an artificial form, and vested by the policy of the law with the capacity of acting in several respects as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of expressing a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or…
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12Oct 2018 by admin

Useful Notes on Total White Cell Count (TLC)

Biology
The normal white cell count is 4,000 to 10,000/ cu mm of blood. These cells can be counted with the help of haemocytometer.Principle: The whole blood is used for total white cell count. With the WBC diluting fluid, it is diluted 20 times and placed in haemocytometer. The cells are counted under proper magnification over specified area. Thus, the known factors are: Source Image:biology.clc.uc.edu/ ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. The number of cells counted.2. The volume of fluid inside the chamber (i.e. the counting area ? depth).3. Dilution of blood. ADVERTISEMENTS: With the help of these known factors, the number of WBC/ cu mm of undiluted blood can be calculated. Equipments Required: For total WBC counting following equipments are required:1. WBC diluting fluid2. WBC pipette ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Haemocytometer4. Microscope5. Blood sample. WBC Diluting…
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08Oct 2018 by admin

Importance of Field Design and Test of Significance in Agriculture

Sciences
Experimental Designs: 1. Treatments: The objects of comparison, which an experimenter has to try in the field for assessing their values are known as treatments e.g. the varieties, manures, cultivation practices etc. Image Source: learnnc.org ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Experimental Units: Experimental material is divided into a number of ultimate units to which the treatments are applied and are known as experimental units.3. Experimental Material: This is the name given to the material on which the experiment is performed e.g., a field, soil, patients in a hospital etc. ADVERTISEMENTS: Basic Principles of Field Experimentation:There are three basic principles of field experimentation which have been discussed below:1. Replication: The allocation of the treatments under investigation is known as replication. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Randomization: The allocation of the treatments to the different experimental units by…
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08Oct 2018 by admin

Useful Notes on the 5 Stages of Demographic Transition

Agriculture
Demography may be defined as the science which deals with the study of all aspects of population progress, welfare, death in a family, birth in a family, age and number of children, number of school going children, their educational qualifications; sickness, deformities in the family and sanitation etc. It also includes the study of standard of living as well as property held. image source: mayrsom.files.wordpress.comThe other terms used in place of demography include ‘population dynamics’ and ‘population studies’. ADVERTISEMENTS: The main sources of demographic data include vital registration system of births and deaths and census.From these demographic studies many statistical conclusions can be drawn as given below:1. Population of the country in any particular year.2. Birth rate. ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Death rate.4. The difference between birth rate and death rate results…
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05Oct 2018 by admin

Security for Good Behaviour from Suspected Persons under Section 109 of the code of Criminal Procedure

Sciences
When an Executive Magistrate receives information that there is, within his local jurisdiction, a person who is taking precautions to conceal his presence, and there is reason to believe that he is doing so with a view to committing a cognizable offence, the Magistrate may require such person to show cause why he should not be ordered to execute a bond, with or without securities, for good behaviour for such period as the Magistrate thinks fit, not however, exceeding a period of one year. Image Source: timedotcom.files.wordpress.comIn the old Code, a provision existed for the taking of security for good behaviour from vagrants and suspected persons. This provision applied not only to persons taking precautions to conceal their presence, but also to persons who had no ostensible means of subsistence…
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05Oct 2018 by admin

Biology Question Bank – 12 Short Questions With Answers on “Evolution”

Biology
20 Questions with Answers and Explanations on “Evolution” for Biology Students: Image Source: charleyharperprints.comQ. 1. When did the life appear on earth? Ans. Life appeared almost 4 billion years ago. ADVERTISEMENTS: Q. 2. Which theory of origin of life is accepted by scientists? Who proposed it? Ans. Chemical evolution by Oparin and Haldane.Q.3. What are fossils? ADVERTISEMENTS: Ans. The remains of hard parts/impressions of life forms found on rocks is called fossil.Q. 4. Illustrate an example to divergent evolution. Ans. The presence of forelimbs with similar anatomical structure in different organisms is divergent evolution.Q. 5. Give one example to homology in plants with names. ADVERTISEMENTS: Ans. Thorn and tendril of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita.Q. 6. What is convergent evolution? Ans. Organs that perform similar function but are anatomically different shows convergent…
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05Oct 2018 by admin

Biology Question Bank – 11 Short Questions With Answers on “Organism and Populations”

Biology
11 Questions with Answers and Explanations on “Organism and Populations” for Biology Students: Image Source: classconnection.s3.amazonaws.comQ. 1. Define the terms—eurythermal, stenothermal. Ans. Organisms that can tolerate a wide range of temperature are called eurythermals. ADVERTISEMENTS: Organisms that can tolerate narrow range of temperatures are called stenothermals.Q. 2. Why are plants and animals dependent on light?Ans. Plants are dependent on light for: ADVERTISEMENTS: (1) Photosynthesis.(2) Photoperiodism—for flowering.(3) Formation of chlorophyll.Animals are dependent on light for: ADVERTISEMENTS: (1) Photoperiodism—foraging, reproductive and migratory activities.Q. 3. What is adaptation? Why do animals/plants adapt? Ans. Any change of the organism that enables the organism to survive and reproduce in its habitat is called adaptation.It is done for reproduction i.e. to increase its population (r) and survival.Q. 4. What are behavioral responses or adaptations? Give one…
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