Category: Politics & Government

Summonses and other processes issued by:(a) Any Civil or Revenue Court established in any part of India to which the provisions of this Code do not extend, or(b) Any Civil or Revenue Court established or continued by the authority of the Central Government outside India, or ADVERTISEMENTS: (c) Any other Civil or Revenue Court outside India to which the Central Government has, by notification in the Official Gazette, declared the provisions of this section to apply, may be sent to the Courts in the territories to which this Code extends, and served as if they were summonses issued by such Courts.Essentials of a summons:Every summons shall: (i) intimate to the defendant of the date of hearing and whether he is to appear in person or by a pleader; (ii) contain…

Panchayati Raj refers to self-governing rural local bodies. These are institutions of democratic decentralisation having the purpose of giving power to the local people to participate in and shape the democratic and development process.In a vast, diverse and complex subcontinent, decentralisation is a political and administrative imperative. In this context the significance of the Panchayati Raj is unmistakable. Yet for most of the post-Independence period, Panchayati Raj has not been in good shape.Since 1992, when the 73rd Constitution Amendment Act was passed, there has been a revival of sorts for the Panchayati Raj. Thus, the discussion falls into two parts with the 73rd Amendment Act as the watershed: the first is the prelude to the second. Image Source: cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com Panchayats in history: India has known panchayats since antiquity. In its…

Similarities and Dissimilarities between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuaries are given below:i. The boundaries of national parks are well marked, whereas the boundaries of wildlife sanctuaries are often not well marked. In India, the areas under national parks are strictly reserved for the conservation and preservation of wildlife, with no scope for human activities. ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. All human activities are completely banned in the area under the national parks, whereas in wildlife sanctuaries, some human activities like timber extraction, forestry and cultivation are allowed, provided they do not have direct adverse impact on the wildlife. In wildlife sanctuaries, the killing and capturing of animals are prohibited except under the orders of authorities concerned.iii. In most countries, only national or federal government can constitute national parks, but in India, state governments…

Ragging, as it is practiced in our college’ and university campuses, deserves severe condemnation and needs to be consigned to the dustbin of discarded ideas.The practice had its sheen, if at all it had any, and has now become a source of uncivilized behaviour, which brings to fore animal instincts of the raw youths.John Ruskin, famous English prose writer, has said, “The purpose of education is not to teach what the student does not know but to make him behave as he does not behave.” Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Judged by this yardstick, actions and behaviour of senior college and university students are a far cry from the normal, decent and the civilized. It’s all the more reprehensible because even girls are subjected to indecency and vulgarity.There was a time…

Railways being the largest public sector undertaking has varied and complex problems. Some of them are as under:1. Its present railway network is overburdened and inadequate to meet the new challenges of a fast developing economy.2. Some regions are beyond the reach of railways due to unfavourable geographical conditions. These areas need to be opened to railways for removing regional inequalities in economic growth. ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Railways are facing stiff competition from road transport and thus its share in passenger and goods traffic is declining.4. Railways are overburdened with surplus staff on its regular pay roles. This burden hinders the further development of railways. Image Source: indiatransportportal.com5. The railways have to develop uneconomic projects due to political pressures and interferences. ADVERTISEMENTS: 6. Railways have huge outstanding payments to diesel and…

Weber distinguished three types of authority which he differentiated in terms of their sense of legitimation. (1) Charismatic Authority: This form authority is based on the particular qualities an individual exhibits, which brings about a very strong emotional devotion by his followers. The term charisma means the ‘gift of grace’ which originally had-a religions connotation but which is used in popular parlance to refer to someone who sways the crowds with his/her presence and personality. Leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King. Jr. has exercised a charismatic authority over their followers.Charismatic authority is dependent on a person; it lasts as long as the person exists. In some cases, the charismatic authority has a sanction of tradition in which case it combines the elements of both personality and sacred tradition…

The state and central governments of our country should take necessary steps to improve agriculture in India. It is essential to increase the production of food grains and other cash crops. To achieve this aim, a programme was devised through the Five Year Plans.It included the following:i. To develop various means of irrigation, so that more land could be brought under agriculture. ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. To increase the availability of chemical fertilisers at subsidised rates, either through production or through imports.iii. To develop and produce new hybrid varieties of seeds, which will help in increasing the yield of various crops.iv. The government would fix a minimum purchase price for various crops every year. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: v. To provide adequate and timely loans to farmers, on easy terms, to buy…

During the first two decades of its existence the Congress remained a moderate organisation. Leaders known as Moderates stayed at the helm of all the activities because of their peaceful methods of political work and their belief in the good sense of the colonial rulers. These leaders thought that if public opinion was created, both in India and in Britain, and if reasonable demands were presented to the authorities, they would succeed in their goal.The Moderates were thoroughly convinced about the efficacy the British Parliament as also the British people and extensively used propaganda as a tool to influence public opinion in Britain. In 1889, a committee of the Indian National Congress was founded in Britain, in 1890 a journal titled India was started there, and many Indians were sent…

The Indian coal allocation scam or the most famous coal controversy in 2012 has resulted in a widespread distress among the citizens and the anti-corruption protesters and the anger has come out in the form of street demonstrations against the ruling party and the prime minister of India Mr. Manmohan Singh.Arvind Kejriwal, anti -corruption activist and Anna Hazare along with his team marched towards the residences of the Prime Minister, Congress Party and Bharatiya Janata Party members residences. The police had to use tear gas and water cannons to prevent the crowd from entering these residences.Considered as one of the biggest scam in the last decade, the Indian coal allocation scam is a political controversy highlighting the nation’s irregularities in the matter of handling national coal deposits. Image Source :…