Category: Writers

Differences between Legal and Political Sovereignty are as follows:Legal Sovereignty:Difference is sometimes drawn between legal and political sovereignty. The sovereign is supposed to be absolute and omnipotent. It functions according to its own will. Law is simply the will of sovereign. There is none to question its validity. Legal sovereign grants rights to its citizens and there can be no rights against him. It means rights of citizens depend on the will of legal sovereign and any time he can take away. Legal sovereign has following characteristics: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. The legal sovereignty is always definite and determinate.2. Legal sovereignty may reside either in one person or in a body of persons.3. It is definitely organized, precise and known to law.4. Rights of citizen are gift of legal sovereign. ADVERTISEMENTS: 5.…

7 Most Important Differences between Proviso and Exception are given below:There are slight differences in between proviso and exception. Some writers opine that these differences are negligible, and they can be used as synonymously.While disposing Thibauit vs. Gibson (13 LJ (Ex) 2), Park J. clarified: “Whenever a statute inflicts a penalty for an offence created by it upon conviction before one or more Justices of the Peace, but there is an enacting clause of persons under particular circumstances, it is necessary to state in the information that the defendant is not within any of the exceptions. Image Source: cdn.theatlantic.com ADVERTISEMENTS: And it seems immaterial whether the exception be in the same section or in a preceding Act of Parliament referred to in the enacting clause. But where the exception is…

Errors: At the very outset, it would be apt to remark that errors generally arise out of the innocence or carelessness on the part of those responsible for the preparation of accounts, while fraud involves some intention to gain out of manipulating records. Image Source: brafton.com ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Errors of Omission: Errors of omission generally arise due to the mistake of a clerk. If a transaction has been omitted from being entered in the books of accounts, wholly or partially, it is an example of error of omission. There are items like purchases or sales which ought to have been recorded in the books of accounts but due to oversight or carelessness, they have been wholly omitted from being recorded. Apart from these, there are cases where items remain partially…

Aristotle, who is traditionally referred to as the father of Political Science, considered Political Science as the master of all sciences or the supreme science. Similarly, Sidgwik and Bryce consider Political Science as a science. But certain other persons like Maitland deny that Political Science is not a science. Aristotle, who is traditionally referred to as the father of Political Science, considered Political Science as the master of all sciences or the supreme science. Similarly, Sidgwik and Bryce consider Political Science as a science. But certain other persons like Maitland deny that Political Science is not a science. ADVERTISEMENTS: What is a Science? Before one examines the claim of political science to be called as a science, one ought to know what is the meaning of science. Science may be…

Counselling can be classified according to the nature of the problem, the complexity of treatment, and the competence of the counsellor.Some writers classify counselling in terms of several factors. Lloyd Jones and Smith, for example, describe various levels of counselling with respect to the depth of the problem, length of contact, degree of need, and the skill of the counsellor.At the Surface level is the counselling offered when the student wishes only some item of information. ADVERTISEMENTS: The counselling given may be casual; it is brief, and it may be superficial in that it is not extensive or intensive.The need for help is important even though slight, and the relationship maintained through the brief contact should not be less than that maintained during the long counselling session.Counselling at the next…

The union of individuals forming the State has been described as similar to the union between the several parts of an animal body, wherein all parts are functionally related and none can exist in isolation from the rest.Just as the body has a natural unity, so has a social group. An arm lives and moves only as a part of an organic whole. ADVERTISEMENTS: Amputated from the body, it dies. The Organic Theory is a biological conception which describes the State in terms of “natural science, views the individuals which compose it as analogous to the cells of a plant or animal, and postulates a relation of interdependence between them and society such as exists between the organs and parts of a biological organism and the whole structure.”In other words,…

Essay on Criticisms against Comtean Views on Sociology – Comte has been severely criticised by different writers. Some such critical comments made against Comtean views are stated below.1. It is commonly asserted that Comte made very few original contributions. It is also stated that Comte merely elaborated a programme of sociology and did not construct a sociological theory as such.2. Though, Comte claimed to be the father of “positivism ” or “scientific approach” he himself was not committed to it. Image Source: sonoma.edu ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. “Comte believed in the existence of a prepotent factor in social change – the development of ideas. Therefore, he could be considered one of the ideological determinants. The basic premise of his theory, the faith in evolution towards progress, was faulty.”4. As far as his…

Thomas Carlyle said it was, and wrote his book “Heroes and Hero-worship,” to illustrate the theory; and Emerson, the Ameri­can essayist, said, “All history resolves itself very easily into the biography of a few stout and earnest persons.”When we say, as Carlyle said, that “Universal History, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who worked there”.We mean that in every age there have been men who have risen head and shoulders above their fellows, and who, by their strong character, dominant personality and intellectual genius, have been “the modelers, patterns, and in a wide sense creators, of whatsoever the general mass of men contrived to do or to attain.” Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: For example, the life of…

Biology deals with animal life and its evolution. Some eminent writers sought to convert Political Science by treating the State as “a phase of development from associations formed among animals of a species included in the subject matter of natural history.”Herbert Spencer is the most prominent exponent of the biological conception of the State, although the theory is as old as Plato Spencer’s explanation, in brief, is that the State is like a biological organism in all its essentials. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: It is the product of evolution and is subject to the laws of birth, growth and decay. Just as in the case of an organism there is mutual dependence of the parts, so are the individuals who constitute the State. Spencer also tried to establish that like…

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of free India. He shaped and guided the destiny of the country from 1947 till his death on May 27, 1964. Apart from being a good administrator, he was a prolific writer, a wonderful orator and a great freedom fighter.Though he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth, he gave up any craving for wealth, status or personal comfort and joined Mahatma Gandhi in his struggle for independence of the country. He was his closest and most trustworthy follower. His leader’s sudden death came as a big shock for him. In his address to the Nation, Nehru bemoaned: ADVERTISEMENTS: The light has gone out and there is darkness all around us.Nehru was born on November 14, 1989 at Allahabad in U.P.…