Category: Trade

David Apter, one of the outstanding scholars, examines the concept from the third world point of view. He locates a dilemma before the developing countries in their quest to adopt a model for modernization and development.He is of the opinion that while the liberal the liberal Capitalist solution poses the problem of inequity, the Marxian Socialist solution requires coercion. He identifies following stages in the political modernization. (I) Stage of Contact and Control: It started in the advanced countries of Europe in the seventeenth, the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, particularly in the adventures of the British, French, German, Dutch, Portuguese and Italian colonialists. Image Source: transnationalarchitecturegroup.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A few enterprising individuals with a particularly strong sense of mission, greed or real or desire for adventure led this trend. Wherein,…

Legal Provisions of Section 95 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Power to declare certain publications forfeited and to issue search-warrants for the same.—(1) Where— ADVERTISEMENTS: This section empowers the State Government to declare by notification, every copy of the newspaper, book or any document to be forfeited to the Government if it contains any matter the publication of which is punishable under the following provisions of the Indian Penal Code:— Image Source: acandyrose.com(1) Sedition (Section 124 A), or(2) Promoting enmity between classes (Section 153-A) or ADVERTISEMENTS: (3) Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration (Section 153-B), or(4) Sale etc. of obscene books (Section 292)(5) Sale etc. of obscene objects to young persons (Section 293); or(6) Maliciously insulting the religion or the religious beliefs of any class (Section 295-A) ADVERTISEMENTS:…

Narayan’s Plot is based on an idea of Character: Narayan is perhaps the most objective writer among the Indo-Anglian novelists. As we are aware, detachment requires discipline, balance and poise. This very objectivity is reflected in Narayan’s approach to his subject matter. In form, the average Indo-Anglian novel consists of a number of characters and incidents woven round a young attractive hero or heroine ending with the happy chimes of marriage bells. image source:staneja.com ADVERTISEMENTS: But Narayan’s approach is entirely different. Narayan’s plots do not form any standard formula, because Narayan starts with an idea of character and situation and the plot progresses on the line he conceives to be the logical development of the idea. It may mean no marriage, no happy ending and no hero of standardized stature.…

Barter or ‘commodity for commodity’ exchange suffered from the following disadvantages: 1. Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants: Quite often, two individuals do not need each other’s product. For instance, a farmer, willing to exchange food grains for a cow, can’t do so unless the owner of the cow is willing to accept food grains in exchange for it. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: What if the cow-owner wants goats in exchange? If he does, the farmer with food grains would have to look for someone who owns either goats or a cow and is also willing to exchange whatever he has for food grains.In case the latter owns a cow, the farmer’s problem is solved. He can exchange his food grains for the cow and the matter is over. But…

Traditional Hindu law imposed upon the son, grandson, and great- grandson, the duty of paying, out of the family assets, the debts of the ancestor from whom they had inherited the property, provided the debts had not been incurred for an immoral or illegal purpose, and were not barred by limitation. (Girdharee Lall v. Kantoo Lall, 1 I. A. 321)This is the doctrine of pious obligation of sons to discharge the personal debts of the father, which is peculiar to Hindu law. The basis of the pious obligation rule is the benefit which will accrue to the soul of the father by the discharge of his earthly obligations. Image Source: cache-blog.credit.com ADVERTISEMENTS: “This doctrine, as is well-known, has its origin in the conception of Smriti-writers, who regard non-payment of debt…

Article 300 of the Constitution provides that the Government of India may sue and be sued by the name of Union of India, and Government of a State may sue or be sued by the name of the State, or of the legislature of a State. Thus, the Union and States are juristic persons capable of owng and acquiring property, making contracts, carrying on trade or business, bringing and defending legal actions just like individuals. The position remains the same as it existed before the commencement of the Constitution as long as Parliament does not make a law providing otherwise. Image Source: fsui.orgBefore the passing of the Constitution, the East India Company and after the Government of India Act, 1858, which transferred the Government of India to Her Majesty with…

Customs may be broadly divided into (i) local customs, (ii) class customs, and (iii) family customs. Local customs are those which are confined to a particular locality like a district, town or village, and are binding on all the inhabitants of that locality. Image Source: img1.etsystatic.comClass customs are the customs of a caste or a sect of the community or the followers of a particular profession or occupation, such as agriculture, trade and the like. Family customs are confined to a particular family only and do not apply to persons who are not members of such family. Essentials of Valid Custom: ADVERTISEMENTS: In Hurpurshad v. Sheo Dayal (1876, 3 I.A. 259), the Privy Council observed that “a custom is a rule which, in a particular family, or a particular caste…

Article 19 (1) (c) of the Constitution guarantees to all citizens the right “to form associations and unions.” Under clause (4) of Article 19, however, the State may by law impose reasonable restrictions on this right in the interest of public order, morality or sovereignty and integrity of India. Image Source: 2.bp.blogspot.comThe right of association pre-supposes organisations. It Is an organisation of permanent relationship between its members in matters of common concern. It thus includes the right to form companies, societies, partnership, trade union and political parties. ADVERTISEMENTS: The right guaranteed is not merely the right to form association implies also the freedom to form or not to form, to join or not to join an association or union, as has been held in Damyanti v. Union of India, AIR…

Six kinds of punishment were described in the original Indian Penal Code. In the year 1949 the third punishment “Penal Servitude” was removed. Now there are five kinds of punishment under I.P.C.They are described hereunder. 1. Death: The punishment of death may be imposed on the following offences:— ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) Waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Government of India -Section 121 I.PC.;(b) Abetment of mutiny actually committed – Sec. 132 of I.P.C.;(c) Giving or fabricating false evidence upon which an innocent person suffers death – Sec. 194 image source: sacredsquare.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (d) Murder – Section 302; We(e) Punishment for murder by a life-convict – Sec. 303 [This Section was struck down by the Supreme Court holding that it was unconstitutional, while disposing…

Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 571 A.D. The name of his father was Abdullah and the name of his mother was Amina. Mohammad was born after the death of his father. His mother also died when he was only six years old. After the death of his mother, Image Source: the-faith.comMohammad was brought up by his grand-father Abdul Muttalib and later on, by his uncle Abu Talib. From the very childhood Mohammad was serious minded and very often used to think about everything which he saw around him. ADVERTISEMENTS: As a young boy of thirteen years, he joined his uncle in his business. During his trade-journeys he curiously watched the various customs of the different Arab societies. At the age of twenty-five years he was employed by a…