Category: Trade

The method adopted for passing off includes:(i) Direct false representation;(ii) Adoption of a trademark which is the same or a colorable imitation of the trade mark of a rival trader; ADVERTISEMENTS: (iii) Adoption of an essential part of a rival trader’s name;(iv) Copying the get-up or color scheme of the label used by a trader(v) Imitating the design or shape of the goods;(vi) Adopting the word or name by which the rival trader’s goods or business is known in the market, and many other ingenious methods Image Source: missioncommunitymarket.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Direct misrepresentation is rare. If a customer orders goods of particular make under a particular name and received something else it is a case of passing off although if he had examined the goods he would not have been deceived.The…

Section 30 prescribed certain uses will not constitute infringement:(i) Use in accordance with honest practices in industrial and commercial matters which will not take unfair advantage of or cause detriment to distinctive character or repute of the trademark;(ii) Use in relation to goods or services indicating character, quality or geographical origin; ADVERTISEMENTS: (iii) In relation to services to which the mark has already been applied by the proprietor or registered user the object of the use is to indicate that the services have been performed by the proprietor or registered user.(iv) Where a trade mark is registered subject to any conditions or limitations, any use of the mark beyond the scope of such conditions or limitations will not constitute infringement. Image Source: baystongroup.comThus if registration is limited to certain territories,…

Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach Calicut, by the sea route on May 20, 1498. He had to face the hostility of Muslim merchants at Calicut.He returned with the message that sword was a must for the Eastern trade. In 1500, Portuguese under Cabral attacked Zamorin.When news of his failure reached Portugal, Vasco da Gama was sent in 1502, to avenge the act. After arriving in Calicut, Vasco da Gama subdued the inhabitants and forced the ruler to make peace. Image Source: a4.files.biography.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In 1509, Alfonso d’ Albuquerque came to India as the Portuguese Governor. He captured Goa from Yusuf Adil Khan of Bijapur in 1510 and developed it as Portuguese capital in India and used it for expanding their trading interests.For about the first two…

Owing to the unstable political situation in India during mid-18th century the rivalry between the European companies left two important rivals in India in the form of English and the French East India Companies.Their rivalry in India did not remain confined only to trade but it assumed political overtones as well. ADVERTISEMENTS: Madras and Pondicherry were the chief trading centres for the English and French respectively on the Coromandel Coast.The relations between both the companies were tense. The Carnatic region was totally disturbed politically. Image Source: cdn.historydiscussion.netIt was but natural for English and French to support different groups/parties in the region and take opposite stand on various issues.The Anglo-French struggle in India began in the coastal areas north and south of Madras then known as the Carnatic. ADVERTISEMENTS: The Anglo-French…

It was first landmark in the constitutional development of India. It was through this Act that the British Parliament for the first time interfered into the affairs of India, to control the Company’s administration.This Act remodelled the constitution of the Company both in England and in India, and then it was brought under the subjection of some degree of control.As a result of these changes the Court of Directors of the Company was required to submit to the government, all communications about civil and military affairs received from Bengal and all revenues of India. Image Source: thegeneralstudies.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Governor of Bengal was made Governor-General with a council of four members with vast civil and military powers over Madras and Bombay presidency and government of territorial acquisitions and revenues in Bengal,…

Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001, saw the world in a state of stunned disbelief at the most daring act of terrorism ever committed. In a devilishly brilliant plan designed for maximum impact, terrorists hijacked four planes and had three of them crash into America’s most prominent buildings namely, the twin towers of Wo rid Trade Centre at New York and the Pentagon at Washington within a span of 60 minutes. It was an unforgettable 60 minutes of hell for America. The event shook the very foundation of United States of America.It all began on Tuesday morning Sept. 11, 2001, when four commercial aeroplanes were hijacked by terrorists belonging to a terrorist organisation named Al-Qaida group. The attack is said to have been masterminded by the notorious terrorist chief named ‘Osama-bin-Laden, the…

Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India. He was a martyr who lay down his life for the freedom of India. He was born at Dhudike in the Ferozepur district in Punjab on 28th January, 1865. His father Lala Radha Krishan was a school teacher. He did his matriculation from Ambala in 1880 and joined the Government College, Lahore. He did law and started practice at Hissar. He became quite a successful lawyer. Lajpat Rai had an inborn tendency to do social service and help others. He joined the Arya Samaj and started the work of social reforms. He was very much interested in educational matters. He founded a Sanskrit School at Hissar and took great pains to collect funds for starting the Dayanand Anglo…

A Non – Resident Indian (NRI) is a citizen of India who has migrated to another country. Non – Resident Indian also refers to a person of Indian origin who resides out of India.A person of Indian origin who is born outside India is also called a non – resident Indian. Since time immemorial India has been a part of the world, with its people interacting with the rest of the world. ADVERTISEMENTS: History tells us how India was once the Mecca for trade, tourism and philosophy. People from all over the world flocked to India. In time Indians have travelled to other parts of the world in search of better education and better job opportunities.Today, non resident Indians that inhabit almost all the different countries of the world amount…

The demerits of classical theory result from three main facts, viz.:i. The extreme complexity and dynamism of modern economies,ii. The policies pursued by national government and economically powerful business corporations, and ADVERTISEMENTS: iii. The restrictive nature of the assumptions made by the theory, such as absence of trading costs and non-price competition, etc.Let us have a brief look at these limitations. blueinteractiveagency.com 1. Labour Theory of Value: Ricardian theory of international trade assumes the application of labour theory of value which is not able to provide a satisfactory explanation of the determination of either commodity prices or factor prices in a modern economy. ADVERTISEMENTS: It is because labour theory itself is based upon highly unrealistic assumptions. For example, we have noted above that for it to be valid, labour should…

Between 1744 and 1763, the British and the French were involved in two wars in Europe. At the same time, British and French trade interests clashed in South India.These factors led to three major wars, called the Carnatic Wars.The First Carnatic War (1744-1748) was an echo of a war in Europe, in which Britain and France took opposite sides. J F Dupleix, the French governor of Pondicherry, captured Madras, but restored it to the British after the war in Europe ended. ecx.images-amazon.com ADVERTISEMENTS: British and French involvement in the local politics of Hyderabad and the Carnatic caused the Second Carnatic War (1748-1754). The Carnatic, with its capital at Arcot, was a province under the Nizam of Hyderabad. However, the Nawab of Arcot was almost free from the Nizam’s control.The death…