Category: Design

It is one of the principles of the English criminal law that to constitute guilt there must be a guilty intent along with the act itself and that a crime is not committed if the mind of the person doing the act in question be innocent. The maxim governing the above proposition is actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea, i.e., the act itself does not constitute guilt unless done with a guilty intent.There must be an intention to do some act before a person can be guilty of crime. In the words of Lord Kenyon “the intent and act must both concur to constitute a crime.” Thus mens rea in the case of murder means malice aforethought; in the case of theft an intention to seal and in…

It is noteworthy that the great educators like Plato, Rousseau, Froebel, Spencer, Dewey and Russel have also been great philosophers. Their philosophical views have emerged from their educational schemes or the educational systems of their day.It appears that their educational ideas have played an important part in the development of the philosophical thought, and at the same time their theory of education, too, appeared to have gained much from their philosophy.Fitche, in his Sixth Address to the German people says: “The art of education will never attain complete clearness in itself without philosophy.” Dewey maintains that the most penetrating definition of philosophy is that it is the theory of education in its most general phases. Image Source: binghamton.edu Philosophy and aims of education: ADVERTISEMENTS: Philosophy acquaints us with values in…

To this basic argument for the expansion of the public sector, the government added various reasons over time.(a) To increase the growth of the core sectors of the economy, thereby creating a solid foundation in industrial growth. ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) To serve the equipment and financial needs, of strategically important sectors like Railways, Telecommunications, Nuclear Power, Defence etc. Many technical engineering, consultancy and construction industries were created.(c) To exercise countervailing power on the operation of private monopolies and multinationals in selected area this would be detrimental to the interest of common people and contrary to the principles of establishing a socialistic pattern of society. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org(d) To ensure easier availability of articles of mass-consumption socially desirable consumable commodities, to check production of unimportant luxury articles and the rationale behind setting…

Rapid economic development requires huge expenditure to be incurred in the various sectors of the economy. As the private sector is usually hesitant and unwilling to invest huge amounts because the returns from such investments are either uncertain or long delayed, it is public expenditure which plays the crucial role in eco­nomic development (especially) in underdeveloped economy.The objectives of public expenditure are the following: 1. Provide social goods: The theory of social goods is of prime importance to the economies of the public sector. The market economy, if certain conditions are met, enables an efficient use of resources for providing private goods. ADVERTISEMENTS: However, when it comes to providing public or social goods (e.g. parks roads, bridges, free or subsidised educational facilities), the market economy often runs into trouble. Social…

The bright field microscope or light microscope or compound microscopes is the most common and the most indispensable instrument in the biology laboratory. Basically the microscope has two types of parts.The mechanical parts provide the structural framework of the microscope and support the optical parts.The optical parts are involved in the magnification of the object. The following is a detailed description of the various parts of a light microscope. Image Source: microscope.com Base, Pillar and Inclination Joint: ADVERTISEMENTS: The base and the attached pillar serve to support the entire microscope. The base is generally ‘V (horse shoe) shaped or sometimes ‘U’ shaped. Usually the pillar and the base are made heavy in order to minimize vibration.The inclination joint joins the arm of the microscope to the pillar. The joint permits…