Category: Construction

It is one of the principles of the English criminal law that to constitute guilt there must be a guilty intent along with the act itself and that a crime is not committed if the mind of the person doing the act in question be innocent. The maxim governing the above proposition is actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea, i.e., the act itself does not constitute guilt unless done with a guilty intent.There must be an intention to do some act before a person can be guilty of crime. In the words of Lord Kenyon “the intent and act must both concur to constitute a crime.” Thus mens rea in the case of murder means malice aforethought; in the case of theft an intention to seal and in…

It is noteworthy that the great educators like Plato, Rousseau, Froebel, Spencer, Dewey and Russel have also been great philosophers. Their philosophical views have emerged from their educational schemes or the educational systems of their day.It appears that their educational ideas have played an important part in the development of the philosophical thought, and at the same time their theory of education, too, appeared to have gained much from their philosophy.Fitche, in his Sixth Address to the German people says: “The art of education will never attain complete clearness in itself without philosophy.” Dewey maintains that the most penetrating definition of philosophy is that it is the theory of education in its most general phases. Image Source: binghamton.edu Philosophy and aims of education: ADVERTISEMENTS: Philosophy acquaints us with values in…

To this basic argument for the expansion of the public sector, the government added various reasons over time.(a) To increase the growth of the core sectors of the economy, thereby creating a solid foundation in industrial growth. ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) To serve the equipment and financial needs, of strategically important sectors like Railways, Telecommunications, Nuclear Power, Defence etc. Many technical engineering, consultancy and construction industries were created.(c) To exercise countervailing power on the operation of private monopolies and multinationals in selected area this would be detrimental to the interest of common people and contrary to the principles of establishing a socialistic pattern of society. Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org(d) To ensure easier availability of articles of mass-consumption socially desirable consumable commodities, to check production of unimportant luxury articles and the rationale behind setting…

Rapid economic development requires huge expenditure to be incurred in the various sectors of the economy. As the private sector is usually hesitant and unwilling to invest huge amounts because the returns from such investments are either uncertain or long delayed, it is public expenditure which plays the crucial role in eco­nomic development (especially) in underdeveloped economy.The objectives of public expenditure are the following: 1. Provide social goods: The theory of social goods is of prime importance to the economies of the public sector. The market economy, if certain conditions are met, enables an efficient use of resources for providing private goods. ADVERTISEMENTS: However, when it comes to providing public or social goods (e.g. parks roads, bridges, free or subsidised educational facilities), the market economy often runs into trouble. Social…

The bright field microscope or light microscope or compound microscopes is the most common and the most indispensable instrument in the biology laboratory. Basically the microscope has two types of parts.The mechanical parts provide the structural framework of the microscope and support the optical parts.The optical parts are involved in the magnification of the object. The following is a detailed description of the various parts of a light microscope. Image Source: microscope.com Base, Pillar and Inclination Joint: ADVERTISEMENTS: The base and the attached pillar serve to support the entire microscope. The base is generally ‘V (horse shoe) shaped or sometimes ‘U’ shaped. Usually the pillar and the base are made heavy in order to minimize vibration.The inclination joint joins the arm of the microscope to the pillar. The joint permits…

‘Investigation‘ as provided under Chapter XII of the Criminal Procedure Code consists of the steps of proceeding to the spot, investigating the facts and circumstances of the case, taking measures for discovery and arrest of the alleged offender, examining the persons acquainted with the circumstances of the case, searching and seizing any material and ultimately submitting a report under Section 173, Cr.P.C. If, in the opinion of the investigating officer, the accused should be tried.When a public servant demands bribe and in a trap laid with a decoy that public servant makes that demand and a complaint in writing is given by the decoy, since the demand amounts to a cognizable offence, the information given by the complainant is in relation to the commission of a cognizable offence within the…

In the autumn of 1930, on a sudden spurt of inspiration, writing of his first novel Swami and Friends started. It was as if a window had opened, and through it Narayan saw a little town and its rail station, the Mempi Forest and the Nallapa’s Grove, the Albert Mission School, Market Road, the River Sarayu. Its inhabitants appeared, and Malgudi was born.Swami and Friends (1935) was published with the help of Graham Green. The novel registers all the small confusions and dislocations of the child reaching the end of an idyllic childhood and facing the grave tasks of adulthood. The setting that one day swam into Narayan’s view Malgudi, the colonial district town with its post office and bank and middle-class suburb and small roadside shops and low-caste slums…

Legal Provisions of Section 197 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Prosecution of Judges and public servants:The object of this section is to guard some important categories of public servants performing onerous and responsible functions against vexatious or mala fide proceedings. They include Judges, Magistrates, members of the Armed Forces, Public servants etc. who are not removable from office except by or with the sanction of the Government. Image Source: cdn.shareyouressays.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The privilege of immunity from prosecution without sanction extends to acts done or shown to be done by them in discharge of their official duty but at the same time, the rights of the citizens also need to be protected against capricious officials who may indulge into excesses in the garb of their official duty.Therefore, in order…

Legal Provisions of Section 160 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.), India.Police officer’s power to require attendance of witnesses:In course of crime investigation, the police may secure the attendance of persons who can supply necessary information regarding the commission of the offence. The investigating officer should issue written order addressed to the person whose presence is sought specifying date, time and place where he has to appear for interrogation. Image Source: cdn.shareyouressays.com ADVERTISEMENTS: But a male under the age of fifteen years or a woman cannot be required to attend at any place other than the place where he or she resides. An order directing a woman to appear in police station is violative of Section 160 (1) of the Code.The Supreme Court in Nandini Satpathy v. P. L.…

In martial arts, one is trained to develop power in each and every finger. In fact, kung fu uses lots of techniques where fingers are used to get devastating effects. When these fingers come together to form a punch, the tremendous nature of the impact created can hardly be exaggerated. The example given here, though, should not be looked upon as a glorification of violent instincts.Karate or kung fu is a sport, not a violent exhibition of one’s barbaric nature. Further, even when we talk about individual power in karate, we talk about the body, the mind and the spirit coming together to act in harmony to a produce a terrific impact. So even individual power requires coming together of different things. It calls for coordination of different body parts…