Category: Construction

In 1962, a bill to establish a commercial communication satellite system available to governments around the world was passed by the United States Congress.The bill established a Communications Satellite Corporation, or Combat, a unique private corporation. By August 1964, the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT) came into existence. ADVERTISEMENTS: INTELSAT was the first truly global effort at uniting the world via communications from space. In 1964, 14 nations belonged to INTELSAT. The United States owned 53 percent of the corporation and the remaining participating countries owned 47 percent.By 1975, the United States ownership dropped to 33.5 percent as additional countries saw the advantage of participating in the international venture and bought shares of the organization. By 1980, 105 countries held shares in INTELSAT. The first satellite launched by this unique…

India has the dubious distinction of the highest accidents both on toads and railway- tracks.India has the dubious distinction of the highest accidents both on toads and railway- tracks. Even over skies are not free from fatal accidents. Indian Air Force aircrafts involvement in frequent accidents and air crashes is now a well-know tact Travel in India has become very hazardous. About 60.000 lives are lust every year in road accidents. ADVERTISEMENTS: This fatality rate is 25 times that of USA. On an average 6 persons die every day on the roads of Delhi alone. Similarly, the railway tracks are virtually red with human blood. During the last three year, (ending September 1997) there were about 1400 deaths in train accidents.The number of those killed in train accidents in the…

No suit for a declaration under section 105 or for any relief under section 106 or for infringement of a patent shall be instituted in any court inferior to a district court having jurisdiction to try the suit:Provided that where a counter-claim for revocation of the patent is by the defendant, the suit, along with the counter-claim, shall be transferred to the Appellate Board for decision.In any suit for infringement of a patent, where the subject matter of patent is a process for obtaining a product, the court may direct the defendant to prove that the process used by him to obtain the product, identical to the product of the patented process, is different from the patented process if Image Source: baystongroup.com ADVERTISEMENTS: (a) The subject matter of the patent…

Essay on Problems of Women in Modern India – Women in independent India are comparatively in a more respectable position. Some of the problems which had been haunting the community of women for centuries are not found now.Problems such as child marriage, practice of ‘sati’, prohibition on widow remarriage, exploitation of widows, devadasi system, purdah system, etc. have almost disappeared. Development in the field of science and technology, universalisation of education, socio-political movements, modernisation and similar developments have changed the approach of people towards women to a certain extent.These developments boosted the morale and self-confidence of women. As a result, Indian women now feel that they too have their own individuality, personality, self-respect, talent, capacity and efficiency. Image Source: s3.amazonaws.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Many of those women who could grab the oppor­tunities…

Floods are there every year in India. During rainy season from July to September, many parts of the country suffer from devastating floods. Flood is one of the major calamities that afflict the country regularly. Floods result in much havoc and vast scale destruction of life and property.India can very proudly boast of an extensive network of rivers. They are the very life-giving natural gifts of nature, but they turn into things of sorrow and suffering when they are in spate and floods.In Northern India the Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Gomuti, Ganado, Koki, Chamber etc., are the main rivers. They are often in floods during monsoon when there is excess of rains in their catchments areas. The heavy to very heavy rainfall causes them to discharge maximum quantity of water, resulting…

The flood in Assam is such a regular feature that today hardly anyone takes a serious note of it. The state of Assam is frequently ravaged by the fury of mighty Brahmaputra and its tributaries causing untold human misery and devastation of indescribable nature. The issue calls for a permanent solution to this problem, if the state wishes to leap forward in all round development.Several factors are responsible for the recurrence of flood in Assam. First and foremost, Assam lies in the heart of Monsoon belt and so gets an overabundance of rain. The Brahmaputra originates in Mansorovar in Tibet and rushes through the middle of the state from east to west. The 2900 km long river and its numerous tributaries such as, Subansiri, Manas, Gadadhar, Sonkosh, Dhansiri, Kopili, Krishnai…

Questionnaires and schedules are very much used in gathering a variety of data.They have been used for the collection of personal preferences, social beliefs, attitudes, opinions, behaviour patterns, group practices, habits and other kinds of data. ADVERTISEMENTS: The increasing use of schedules and questionnaires is probably due to increased emphasis by social scientists on quantitative measure­ment of uniformly accumulated data.A questionnaire is a tool for data collection. It consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or a set of forms. It is administered to a respondent either person­ally or through mail. The respondent answers the questions on his own without being aided. Image Source: phillj.files.wordpress.comQuestionnaires are now widely used collecting data, particularly when data are to be collected from a large…

We have discussed the meaning and definitions of social structure in the preceding pages. Sociologists have worked on social structure quite elaborately. They prefer to use term ‘social system’ instead of ‘social structure’. However, both sociologists and social anthropolo­gists define social structure in terms of the interrelations between the individuals and functioning of these ordered interrelationships in the maintenance of the society. The definitions given by various social an­thropologists help us to bring out certain characteristics of social structure. We enumerate these as under: ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) Abstraction of empirical reality: Empirical reality has a large number of details about the functioning of society. The construction of social structure removes unnecessary details and brings out abstractions. For instance, there are innumer­able caste and tribal groups in India. Each caste has its…

The continuous flow of people from villages to cities creates many socio­economic problems. The density of population in cities shoots up and civic amenities fall short of requirements. The law and order situation deteriorates. Prices of essential commodities touch the sky. The housing situation becomes so acute that many people are forced to live in slums or sleep on pavements. The rents of houses soar. All this leads to the creation of slums. Sometimes, these slums come up right in the midst of posh colonies.According to 2001 census data, there are 607 towns with slums and the population living in slums is estimated to be 40,297,341. Rapid urbanisation and worsening poverty globally have helped slum population to shoot upto 923 million at the turn of the century according to the…

Crawford on the Construction of Statutes states at page 516 as follows:“The question as to whether a statute is mandatory or directory depends upon the intent of the legislature and not upon the language in which the intent is cleared.The meaning and intention of the legis­lature must be given, and these are to be ascertained, not only from the phraseology of the provision, but also by considering its nature, its design, and the consequences which would follow from construing it one way or the other ” [State of U.P.v. Manbodhan Lal Srivastava, A.I.R. 1927 S.C. 912 at p. 918]. previews.123rf.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The learned author at page 535 observes:“As a general rule, a statute which specifies a time for directors so far as the time of performance is concerned, specially where…