23Sep 2018 by admin

Read this essay on “Planning” (408 Words)

Decision Making
Read this essay on “Planning” (408 Words)Planning is a critical managerial activity. It is the process of determining how the organization can get where it wants to go. It is a primary function of management because all other functions depend upon how the organization plans to achieve its objectives. Image Source: stlouis-mo.gov ADVERTISEMENTS: Planning is a decision making activity requiring, the process of ascertaining objectives” and deciding on activities to attain these objectives. In planning, managers assess the future, determine the goals of the organization and develop the overall strategies to achieve these goals.The extent and complexity of planning would depend upon the complexity and multiplicity of objectives. Consider, for example, the planning undertaken by the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) held in Atlanta, Georgia in 1996, While…
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23Sep 2018 by admin

Read this essay on “International Business”– (1085 Words)

Marketing
Read this essay on “International Business”– (1085 Words)!There are many different forms and levels of international business. In addition to domestic business which essentially acquires its resources and sells its products and services domestically, within a single country, the international business can be defined at three levels. These are International business, Multinational business and Global or Transnational business. Image Source: mozconcepts.com ADVERTISEMENTS: An International business can be defined as a business which is primarily based in a single country but acquires a reasonable share of resources from other countries. Wal-Mart Stores, for example, are located in America but buy much of the merchandise from Korea and Taiwan. Similarly, a business that is located in one country but derives a part of its revenues from other countries would also be considered…
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23Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on Communication (650 Words)!

Management
Essay on Communication (650 Words)!Communication is considered to be the most important ingredient of the management process. Interpersonal and two way communication is fundamental to all managerial activities. Image Source: fra.europa.eu ADVERTISEMENTS: All other management functions involve communication in some forms of directions and feedback. Effective management is a function of effective communication. Many operations have failed because of inadequate communication, misunderstood messages and unclear instructions.Communication skills can make or break a career or an organization. Studies conducted by Gary Benson, through a survey questionnaire sent to personnel managers of 175 of the largest companies in Western States in America indicated that written and oral communication skills are critical not only in obtaining a job but also in performing effectively on the job. The questionnaire contained some questions regarding the…
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23Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on Ethical Decisions Making in Business

Decision Making
Essay on Ethical Decisions Making in Business !Ethics can be defined as, “the code of moral principles that sets standards of good or bad or right or wrong in one’s conduct and thereby guides the behaviour of a person or a group”(1). The “code of moral principles” is very subjective in nature and depends much upon the value system of the individual. Image Source: buildablog.co ADVERTISEMENTS: But how do you determine the validity of the value system or make an objective judgement about ethical behaviour? R. Baumhartasks a number of questions related to ethical behaviour. For example, is there a set standard against which the ethical standards can be measured?Is there a “situational code” of ethics according to which the ethical merits of an activity can be evaluated? Is the…
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22Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on Various Means of Communication

Decision Making
Managers use several different types of communication in their work. The choice of the method of communication would depend upon such factors as the physical presence of the receiver of the message, the nature of the message as to whether it is urgent or confidential and the costs involved in the transmission of the message. Image Source: 1.bp.blogspot.comVarious means of communication fall into four categories: (1) oral, (2) written, (3) nonverbal, and (4) information technology. These means are not mutually exclusive and very often some of these methods are combined to increase the emphasis or clarity of information. 1) Oral communication: ADVERTISEMENTS: The most prevalent form of organizational communication is oral. It could be face-to-face communication which is in the form of direct talk and conversation between the speaker and…
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22Sep 2018 by admin

Main Theories of Situational or Contingency Approaches

Decision Making
Essay on the Main Theories of Situational or Contingency Approaches!The leadership approaches discussed so far attributes leadership performance on the basis of certain traits or in terms of leader’s behaviour. The contingency theories propose that an analysis of leadership involves not only the individual traits and behaviour but also a focus on the given situation. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The effectiveness of leader behaviour is contingent upon the demands imposed by the situation. The focus is on the situation and not on the leader. Different types of situations demand different characteristics and behaviours because each type of leader faces different situations. A successful leader under one set of circumstances may be a failure under a different set of circumstances. For example, Winston Churchill was considered a successful prime minister and…
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22Sep 2018 by admin

Bringing changes in the Individual Behaviour Patterns Within An Organisation

Management
Bringing changes in the Individual Behaviour Patterns Within An Organisation !The change agents are those elements that are responsible for bringing about the change in the individual behaviour patterns. This is the most important type of change since other types of changes such as in strategy, structure or process can always be introduced simply by the management and most often these changes are accepted by the workers. Image Source: d223wx6eb72vcz.cloudfront.net ADVERTISEMENTS: Also because behaviour is highly complex phenomenon, it may require a number of strategies to make desirable changes in human behaviour. These change agents may either be the initiators of changes or serve as catalysts for such change. Four types of change agents have been identified. i) Outside pressures: These are pressures from the external envi­ronment and are directed…
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22Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on Social Responsiveness (504 Words)

Management
Essay on Social Responsiveness (504 Words)!Social responsiveness is defined as “the degree of effectiveness and efficiency an organization displays in pursuing its social responsibilities”. The more socially responsive attitude the organizations show, the greater the degree of effectiveness and efficiency they have in pursuing their social responsibilities. Image Source: energy.cratos-group.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Deciding on the types of social activities that the management wants to pursue, organizing the resources that are necessary to meet those responsibilities and then controlling the management processes so that these social goals are optimally accomplished without wasting any organizational resources in the process, are the key functions of management in this area in order to maintain a high level of social responsiveness. Approaches to Meeting Social Responsibilities: Various managerial approaches to meeting social obligations determine an organization’s…
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22Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on Some Important Organisation Structure Designs

Accounting
Essay on Some Important Organisation Structure Designs!Organizational structure according to George and Jones, “is the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates, and motivates employees so that they cooperate and work together to achieve an organization’s goals”. Image Source: cdn2.slidemodel.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Such a system is primarily influenced by certain contingency factors such as technology used or the organization’s size, as discussed earlier. Depending upon the type of the organization and the philosophy of operations, managers can select any one of the various structured designs available. Some of these designs are explained as follows: 1) The Line Structure: The line structure is the simplest form of organization and is most common among small companies. The authority is embedded in the hierarchical structure and it flows in a direct…
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22Sep 2018 by admin

Essay on Managerial Skills for Recognising a Situation

Management
Essay on managerial skills for Recognising a Situation!It has been pointed out earlier that under certain situations, conflict can become necessary and desirable in order to create changes and challenges within the organization. In such situations, management would want to adopt a policy of conflict stimulation so that it encourages involvement and innovation. Image Source: totalcareermastery.com ADVERTISEMENTS: How does a manager recognize a situation which is vulnerable to conflict stimulation? Some of the factors that could create grounds for stimulating conflict are:i. Too much satisfaction with status quo.ii. Low rate of employee turnover.iii. Shortage of new ideas. ADVERTISEMENTS: iv. Strong resistance to change.v. Friendly relations taking precedence over organizational goals.vi. Excessive efforts for avoiding conflict.Some of the specific techniques for inducing conflict as suggested by S.P. Robbins are: a) Appoint…
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