Standardized Approaches that can be used in the Preparation of Budgets

Decision Making
According to Plunkett and Attner, budgeting requires (1) setting goals, (2) planning and scheduling to reach the goals, (3) identifying and pricing resources, (4) locating needed funds, and (5) adjusting goals, plans; and resources to match actual fund availability. Image Source: amberpm.files.wordpress.comAny one of the following standardized approaches can be used in the preparation of budgets. 1. Top down Budgeting: ADVERTISEMENTS: These budgets are prepared by senior managers and are passed down to lower levels end the lower level managers are expected to operate within these budgets. There may or may not be any input from the lower level managers.In preparing these budgets, top management must take into consideration all relevant factors and carefully analyze these factors so that they do not miss or neglect any significant information about opportunities…
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Release (Rule 17 of the Juvenile (Care and Protection and Children) Rules, 2001)

Management
Legal provisions regarding release as per as rule 17 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rule 2007.(1) The Officer-in-Charge shall maintain a roster of the cases of juvenile or child to be released on the expiry of the period of stay as ordered by the Board.(2) Each case shall be placed before the Classification Committee for proper maintaining and with regard to cases in which the juvenile or child is kept for the maximum period, action may be initiated six months before they attain the age of eighteen years. ADVERTISEMENTS: (3) The release shall be as per the pre-release and post-release plan prepared under the individual care plan and reviewed from time to time by the Management Committee set up under Rule 55 of these rules and…
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Responsibilities that are basically Found in the Domain of Supervisory Level

Management
Responsibilities that are basically Found in the Domain of Supervisory Level!According to Gorry and Morton, the information systems designed and set up by organizations must provide information to managers with three levels of responsibilities, namely, operational control, management control and strategic planning. Image Source: halogensoftware.com ADVERTISEMENTS: These three levels of responsibilities are basically the domain of supervisory level, middle management level and top levels of managerial hierarchy respectively. Operational Level: Lower-level managers and supervisors need information and feedback about daily, weekly and monthly activities. A production supervisor needs to know information regarding waste, quality, quantity, productivity gains and whether jobs have been completed on schedule. Personnel people may require daily and weekly figures on any job openings, interviews conducted and other personnel matters such as attendance records, turn-over records, and…
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Essay on the Management Functions in MNCs

Accounting
Essay on the Management Functions in MNCs!The management functions of planning; organizing, directing and controlling are usually adaptable to all managerial situations including their international context. Image Source: wwwen.zte.com ADVERTISEMENTS: However, these functions must be applied “appropriately” from one country and culture to the next. Global managers apply the management functions successfully across borders. (1) Planning: Since planning inherently means deciding for future operations or making decisions at the present time for future results, it becomes the most difficult function where the environmental conditions, in the long run, are at best erratic.Hence management would be more interested in short term planning, rather then long term planning in such countries where the long range political stability is questionable. Another factor which makes long range planning more difficult is forecasting the future…
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Essay on Theories of Work Motivation (2100 Words)

Management
Essay on Theories of Work Motivation (2100 Words)!While “need theories” of motivation concentrate upon “what” motivates people, the “process theories” concentrate upon “how” motivation occurs. Image Source: lam-network.com ADVERTISEMENTS: These theories identify the variables that go into motivation and their relationship with each other. Some of the prominent process theories are: Vroom’s Expectancy Model, Equity Theory and Goal-Setting Theory. 1) Vroom’s Expectancy Model: The expectancy model is based upon the belief that motivation is determined by the nature of the reward people expect to receive as a result of their job performance. The underlying assumption is that a man is a rational being and will try to maximize his perceived value of such rewards.He will choose an alternative that would give him the most benefit. People are highly motivated if…
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Operational Enhancement Enhancement of the Organization – Essay

Decision Making
There are various areas within the organizational domain where changes can be brought about for operational enhancement of the organization as well as desirable behaviour of members. Image Source: sinclairgroup.com a. Individual targets: Even though, any organizational change affects people in some form, it is important that the behaviour and attitude of the members be predictable and in accordance with the expectations of the organization and be consistent with the missions and policies of the enterprise. ADVERTISEMENTS: These changes are directed towards performance improvement, dedication and loyalty to the organization as well as developing a sense of self-actualization among members. These can be developed by closer interaction with employees and by special behavioural training and modification sessions. b. Interpersonal and group targets: In this area, managers may consider implementing strategies…
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Essay on the Role of Duties of a Manager (1038 Words)

Management
Essay on the Role of Duties of a Manager!Another approach to study management is to examine the roles that managers are expected to perform. These roles can be defined as the organized sets of behaviours identified with the position. These roles were developed by Henry Mintzberg in the late 1960s after a careful study of executives at work. Image Source: snagajob.com ADVERTISEMENTS: All these roles in one form or another deal with people and their interpersonal relationships. These ten managerial roles are divided into three categories. The first category of interpersonal roles arises directly from the manager’s position and the formal authority bestowed upon him.The second category of informational roles is played as a direct result of interpersonal roles and these two categories lead to the third category of decisional…
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Moving Your Organization from the Present to the Future– Essay

Management
Moving Your Organization from the Present to the Future– EssayOnce the need for change and the goals of such a change are recognized and accepted, the management must introduce the change process in such a manner that such change is more or less permanent and the management does not shift back to the original and more familiar ways of doing things. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: To make the change more lasting, Kurt Lewin, proposed three phases of the change process for moving the organization from the present to the future. These stages are: (1) Unfreezing, (2) Changing and (3) Refreezing. 1. Unfreezing the situation: The process of unfreezing simply makes the individuals or organizations aware of the necessity for change and prepares them for such a change. Lewin proposes that…
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Essay on the Causes of Conflict in an Organization (1341)

Decision Making
Essay on the Causes of Conflict in an Organization!Basically, the causes of conflict fall into three distinct categories. Accordingly, most of these causes can be restructured and placed into one of these categories. Image Source: johnmurphyinternational.com ADVERTISEMENTS: These categories deal with communicational, behavioural and structural aspects. 1. Communicational aspects of conflict: Poor communication, though not reflecting substantive differences, can have a powerful effect in causing conflict. Misunderstood or partial information during the process of communication can make the difference between the success and the failure of a task and any such failure for which the responsibility becomes difficult to trace can cause conflict between the sender of the communication and the receiver of the communication.Thus the problems in the communication process, whether these problems relate to too much or too…
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Essay on Decision Making (516 Words)

Decision Making
Essay on Decision Making (516 Word’s)!In most instances, it is not possible for decision makers to accurately predict the consequences of an implemented alternative. This is partly due to the dynamics of the environment. Image Source: inspiringgenerations.org ADVERTISEMENTS: The more complex the problem and more dynamic the environment, the higher the degree of uncertainty in predicting the outcome of a decision. In general, there are three different conditions under which decisions are made; these are (1) complete certainty, (2) complete uncertainty, and (3) risk. i. Decisions under certainty: This is the simplest form of decision making. The condition of certainty exists when decision makers know exactly what the outcome of each alternative will be. The decision maker would simply select the alternative which has the best outcome. If the number…
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