Category: Business

Another argument which states that a given organisation is efficient despite apparent infraction of the span of control and hence the principle is unnecessary and incorrect. Image Source: rothwell.force9.co.ukThe limits of the span of control are real and important restrictions. As a result, a careful balancing of the inefficiencies of levels against those of spans is necessary. Reducing the number of levels is not a cure for all administrative ills. ADVERTISEMENTS: Fayol advocated cross-communication as a means of co-ordinating departmental managers. Urwick support the same by stating that lower level people must be encouraged to develop maximum cross relationships among them. The official channels need not be the only avenues of communication. Excessive ‘red tape’ is easily avoided if cross communication is fostered within an organisation.Span is not a fable.…

Managerial Grid are given below:Robert Blake and Jane Mouton described various managerial styles through what is known as managerial grid. These styles ranged from extern task orientation. Task orientation means “concern for production” which includes the attitudes of a supervisor towards work, efficiency quality of the goods produced etc. Image Source: tradingsuccess.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Relationship orientation means “concern for people”, maintenance of self-esteem of workers, provision of good working conditions and development of satisfying inter-personal relations. The 1.1 Managerial Style: It has been referred as “impoverished management under this style, manager has little interest either in the task or in the people. He marks his time. He would send the communication from the superiors to the subordinates and vice-versa. He has little involvement in the job. He lacks initiative when anything…

Opposition made to the scientific management are given below:It is little wonder that Taylor and his followers were not without opposition and critics because the new approach involved a complete overhauling of traditional managerial practices. Image Source: i.ytimg.com/vi/mppXNi0umrQ/maxresdefault.jpg ADVERTISEMENTS: Many managers resisted Taylor’s approach because they opposed his substitution of the scientific method and techniques for their own judgment and discretion. “Taylor had questioned their good judgment and superior ability which had been the subject of public celebration for many years. Hence, many employers regarded his methods as an unwarranted interference with managerial prerogatives”.Taylor’s scientific management was not only opposed by managers but by workers also. Workers were opposed to time study procedures and standardization of all aspects of their performance, as they did not like to be treated as…

The first systematic theory of organisation was formulated in the early years of the present century under the driving force of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915). An engineer by profession, he is regarded as the father of the scientific management. Image Source: i.ytimg.comTaylor was stimulated in his early thinking by a number of predecessors, particularly the American industrialist and engineer Henery R. Towne. ADVERTISEMENTS: Around the turn of nineteenth century, when the industrial revolution had reached a stage of maturity, the working conditions in the factories were chaotic. The work procedures were neither standardized nor well planned.Choice of methods of work was mainly left to the workers resulting in considerable adhoc planning and inefficiency It was mainly to fulfill this need and find ways to raise industrial productivity that Taylor came…

Bureaucracy as an organisational model was first developed by Max Weber (1864-1920), an eminent German Sociologist. He was one of the founders of modern sociology. Writing during the first part of 20th century, he was contemporary with the scientific management movement and the early phases of administrative management thought. Image Source: i.ytimg.comHis concepts are introduced at this point because, although many of his ideas belong to the classical” school, they seem to bridge the gap between the traditional concepts of organisation and management and on modern ideas in more respects. ADVERTISEMENTS: Weberian bureaucracy is based on mechanistic assumptions about human nature in the pre-1930’s tradition, whereas in other respects, his concepts match the modern scholar’s search for general theories and understanding and the idea of the ultimate predictability of organizational…

Seldom is an organization composed of people who all do the same type of work. The typical pattern is for individuals and groups to specialize in one function or activity, leaving other functions to their colleagues in other departments or divisions. Image Source: 4.bp.blogspot.comIn fact, specialization has become so common in contemporary life that we tend to take it for granted; it has come to be the natural way of doing things.As a step-child of the classical economic theories and as an after thought of the “division of work principle,” specialization combines the best and the worst of the classical- management school. At best it reflects an optimistic view of human development and monolithic preparation throughout one’s career. ADVERTISEMENTS: At worst, it shows a total disregard of the vast complexity…

Administration generally involves co-operative effort by a number of people to achieve some purpose. It is obvious that the efforts of different persons must be according to a preconceived plan if the purpose in hand is to be accomplished. Image Source: sdrc.co.inOtherwise, there will be confusion and working at cross-purposes, and the individual efforts are likely to cancel out one another. Taking a simple example like the rolling of a heavy log of wood by a group of 8 or 10 people, it is necessary that»they should stand on one side of the log facing the direction in which it has to be moved and exert pressure simultaneously. ADVERTISEMENTS: If some stand on one side and others on the other and push in opposite directions their efforts will neutralize one…

Legal provisions regarding alternative punishment under Section 28 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000.Section 28 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 provides that where an act or omission constitute an offence punishable under this Act and also under any other Central or State Act, then, notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, the offender found guilty of such offences shall be liable to punishment only under such Act as provides for punishment which is greater in degree. Image Source: adeca.alabama.gov ADVERTISEMENTS: According to Rule 18 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007, the procedure to be followed in respect of Sections 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of the Act…

All of us have lived with the concept of authority since birth. First our parents were authority figures, then school teachers, principals and patrol boys and girls, later coaches, captains of athletic teams officers of social clubs and fraternal organization, campus police and finally employers (“bosses”) all remind us that we live in a society with distinct authority relationships. Image Source: sites.psu.eduAuthority conditions the actions and behaviour of every management member in an organization and is the common cord tying together the various organisation units, thus making possible the very existence of the organisation and the effective working together of all personnel. ADVERTISEMENTS: Organized executive action is impossible without authority. A superior is able directly to affect the behaviour of subordinate if he possesses authority with respect to that subordinate…