Category: Business

Traditional approaches to motivation were based on Scientific Management Approach and Human Relations Approach. Image Source: yourarticlelibrary.com Scientific Management Approach: This approach was introduction and popularised by Frederic W. Taylor. He was one of the first persons to study time and motion systematically in order to calculate the most efficient and simplified means of production. Taylor considered that the ideal worker was a rational economically oriented individual who was motivated almost wholly by monetary incentives. ADVERTISEMENTS: It follows that if the workers are motivated by money, we should increase their wages and the production will be higher. The workers will, thus get motivated. But we have seen the limitations of these theory ourselves. Even with the increase of wages and pay scales we have not been able to motivate our…

Following are the qualities of a supervisor: Leadership Qualities: Actually, supervisor is a leader of the work-force working under him. He leads a group of personnel who look, to him for guidance, direction, and control. Image Source: angeronmymind.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A supervisor, therefore, should possess all the qualities of leadership to have a rhythm of supervision and to lead the organisation in the desired direction. A loyal and disciplined, work force can be maintained only when supervisor leads them properly. Managerial Skill: Being a part of the management chain he must possess the managerial skill. He must know the managerial functions so that he may get the work done in a term spirit to get the maximum co-operation of the subordinates. He must command respect and unquestioned loyalty. For all this…

Frederick Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory are given below:Herzberg in an initial research project interviewed employees of an industrial organisation in order to find what they did not like. Image Source: a880c9.medialib.glogster.com ADVERTISEMENTS: He found that employees associated bad times on the job with one set of factors and good successful working experiences with a totally different set. Herzberg described the former factors as dissatisfies and the latter as motivators. He has called the dissatisfies as hygiene factor.Dissatisfies included such matters as pay, allowance, organisational policy and administration, behaviour of supervisors and working conditions. Traditionally, above factors were believed as motivators.Herzberg envisaged that these factors simply prevented dissatisfaction and not led to satisfaction. High motivation did not result from their improvement but dissatisfaction did result from their deterioration.Motivators included such factors…

Lickert’s four systems of management are given below:Rensis Likert and his associates at the Michigan University have studied the styles of and managers. According to Rensis Linkert Organizational effectiveness Arid, employee satisfaction are maximized when leaders adopt participative style by involving the group members in the decision-making process. Image Source: mercureaace2013.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: He has identified four basic styles of management, termed as systems ranging autocratic to participative. System No. I: In this system WOW, little confidence in his subordinates. He does not involve them in decision-making. He uses prize and punishment to motivate the subordinates. Authority is highly centralized in the manager. Management in this system is described as “exploitative authoritative”. System No. II: In this system manager adopts what is known as “benevolent- authoritative management style.” He adopts patronizing…

Modern organization are given below:Modern organisation theory and practice views organisation as a system. Webster defines a system as a set for arrangements of things so related or connected as to form a unity or organic whole. A system is thus, unified whole having a number of inter-dependent parts or sub systems and it has identifiable boundaries that distinguish it from its surrounding environment, with which it interacts. Image Source: psdgraphics.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Thus in systems approach equal consideration is given to viz., the whole organisation as well as its component parts. Moreover if it is to survive the organisation must adjust to changes in the environment.Therefore, an organisation should be studied, not merely as a formal arrangement of superiors and subordinates or as a social system in which people influence…

Linking Pin Model are given below:So far, the discussion of the behavioural approach to organisation has raised a lot of criticism of classical thinkers but has not supplied many constructive solutions. Furthermore, the ideas of Barnard, Simon, Bakke and Argyris are themselves becoming out dated. For the most part, they formulated their theories two or even three decades ago. Image Source: d223wx6eb72vcz.cloudfront.net ADVERTISEMENTS: Are these theories still relevant to today’s organisations? Can the behavioural organisation theorists present a structural model suitable for implementation in practice? The answer to both these questions can be found in the work done by Rensis Likert of the University of Michigan.The linking pin idea, although conceptually very simple, represents an actual model for organisation structure. It is based on the concept of every man’s functioning…

Importance of esprit de corps principle are given below:This principle emphasized the need for team work and the maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Image Source: images.slideplayer.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In their enthusiasm for scientism Gulick and Urwick laid down seven principles of administration that came to be expressed as ‘POSDCORB’. Each letter of the word stand for a different technique such as planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.Another major contributor to the development of management thought during this period was Mary Parker Follett. Although she was a contemporary of the other administrative management theorists and set forth certain general principle as guide lines for practice, her approach was significantly different. She was unique in emphasizing the psychological and sociological aspects of management.She viewed management as a social process and the organization…

Behaviorally oriented organisation theorists are generally dissatisfied with the bureaucracy classical approach. From a human standpoint, March and Simon summarized five basic limitations of classical organisations theory: Image Source: i.ytimg.com1. The motivational assumptions are incomplete and inaccurate.2. Intra-organisational conflict is generally ignored. ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Constraints placed on the human as a complex information-processing system are given little consideration.4. Little attention is given to the role of cognition in task identification and decision.5. The phenomenon of programme elaboration receives little emphasis.In other words, the classical organisation theories are much too simplistic and too mechanistic to handle the complex human element properly. ADVERTISEMENTS: The classical theories, moreover, are no longer relevant to many modern organisation. For the most part, these theories were predicated on the environment of the industrial revolution today’s technological…