Category: Business

Here is your essay on the concept of open jail system!Though the working of open-jail during the first two decades of its beginning in India proved to be useful and showed some positive results but there has been a sharp decline in the popularity of these prisons in the recent past. Perhaps it is for this reason that there has been no significant addition to the existing open jails after 1980. Even the idea of an exclusive open jail for women did not gain much public support. image source: upload.wikimedia.org ADVERTISEMENTS: Perhaps the true reason for public apathy for open prisons is the extensive use of probation as a measure of individualised treatment of offenders which seeks to bring about reformation and rehabilitation of criminals within the community itself. Resort…

Essay on “Good time” Laws in India !Before reviewing the position of good time laws in India, it must be stated that reduction of sentence under “good-time” laws is different from the commutation of sentence. While reduction in prisoner’s term of imprisonment depends on the discretion of prison authorities, the commutation of sentence is a prerogative of the executive Head of the State. image source: gogoodscout.com ADVERTISEMENTS: It must also be noted that reduction in the term of sentence under good-time laws is invariably granted to almost all inmates as a matter of course therefore, its significance seems to have been lost in the present penal system. Any misconduct on the part of inmate inside the prison may, however, entail certain reduction in his good time allowance.The system of allowing…

Here is your Essay on the Origin of Police System !The police are primarily concerned with the maintenance of law and order and security of person and property of individuals. Of late, police duties have increased enormously and are becoming more and more diversified. image source: shaktivahini.org ADVERTISEMENTS: The modern police must protect the public against physical dangers, rescue lives, regulate traffic and preserve law and order in the streets and public places. It also has a definite duty with regard to the prevention of juvenile delinquency and atrocities against women, children and weaker sections of the society.Any discussion on ‘police’ will remain incomplete without a word about the historical origin and evolution of this institution. Originally, the word ‘police’ was used in a wider sense to connote the management…

Factors which affects the delegation of authority can be discussed under the head of delegation delegated and organisation factors: Factors in Delegator (Superior): The qualities of superior managers play an important part in determining the kind of functional and social equilibrium that will be achieved in the superior subordinate relationships and consequently the delegation of authority. Image Source: i.ytimg.com ADVERTISEMENTS: A Superior Manager is likely to delegate less authority in the following situations: Maintenance of Tight Control: A manager does not delegate authority because he wants to maintain tight control over the operations assigned to him. He likes to be the busy and security created by work piled high on his desk.Doing tangible work is a pleasurable activity, whereas spending one’s time, thinking, planning and other less tangible is a…

The degree of delegation of authority is also determined by the qualities of subordinates. While superior perception about the qualities of subordinates plays an important role in delegation of authority, subordinates themselves affect the degree of delegation of authority. Image Source: 2012books.lardbucket.orgThey affect the delegation in several ways. First, some subordinates have more capability to assume more responsibility. Since responsibility and authority go together, competent subordinates may get more authority. Second, the delegation of authority is formal and institutional but its exercise is personal. ADVERTISEMENTS: Thus competent subordinate may assume and exercise more authority than others although working within the context of same set of delegation.In the following situations, however, subordinates are expected to exercise less authority:1. When they lack self-confidence;2. When they lack resources; ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. When they have…

Co-ordination to be effective has to be concerned with policy, programme as well as personalities. And its achievements may require as Dr. White has said, “the most delicate insights, the most mature wisdom, and perception of a truly artistic quality”. Image Source: ccs.fau.eduIt has to depend not only on formal media but also on informal ones. In fact, the informal means are often more effective than the formal. Among the formal means of co-ordination the more important are: Planning: ADVERTISEMENTS: In large scale operations, planning of the programmes, personnel and operations before hand is very important. It is said of Napoleon that before winning his battles on the battle field he used to win them on a piece of paper in his drawing-room.A well-chalked-out plan will predetermine the places of…