19Nov 2018 by admin

Export performances of principal commodities in India during April to November in 1998

Accounting
Export performances of principal commodities in India during April to November in 1998 are listed below: 1. Plantations: Plantation crops primarily comprise tea and coffee. Exports of plantation crops increased during April to November, 1998 by 31.8% in rupee terms. Exports of coffee increased by 15.3% during this period to Rs 1,225 crores from 1,062 crores during the same period of last year.Exports of tea increased from Rs 971 crores during April to November, 1997 to Rs 1,454 crores during April to November, 1998 registering a positive growth of 49.7%. Image Source: s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com 2. Agriculture and allied products: This group comprises a wide variety of agricultural products covering cereals, pulses, tobacco, spices, nuts and seeds, oil meals, guar gum meals, castor oil, shellac, sugar and molasses, processed food, meat and…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

Short Essay on Oligopoly Market

Industry
An important case of imperfect competition is that of oligopoly. While monopolistic competition is more frequently found than pure competition in modern industry, however, it is not the typical market form. Oligopoly is the typical market form, many of the markets being oligopolistic.A large proportion of output in a modern industrial economy is accounted for by industries where all or most of the output is produced by a small number of large firms.Here, competition is much less impersonal than in monopolistic competition because the number of producers is fewer. If any firm cuts its price, the other firms will know who the price cutter was. Image Source: financialtribune.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Each firm, therefore, has to watch closely what its competitors are doing because any action by one of the competitors is…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

The Role of Indian Government in Shaping Business Environment

Industry
Government is a very powerful institution which can create a favourable business environment. We can study its role under the following heads: Role 1. Government: Regulator of Business: The entire regulatory legislations and policies stand covered under this segment. On the one hand, there is a very large indirect area of government control over the functioning of private sector business through budgetary and monetary policies.But against this there is also a fast expanding area of direct administrative or physical controls through which the government seeks to ensure that private investment and production in industry and the use of scarce resources conform to government’s basic socio-economic objectives. Image Source: frozenfoodeurope.com ADVERTISEMENTS: They have become necessary tools in a system which seeks to avoid total nationalisation of resources.Government’s regulatory functions with regard…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

6 Important Factors that are Involved in Demand Forecasting

Industry
Important factors that are involved in demand forecasting: Factors (i) Period of forecasting: Demand forecasting may be short-term or long-term. A short-term demand may cover a period of three months, six months or one year but not exceeding one year and long forecasting covers a period exceeding 5 years.A business should forecast short term as well as long term sales/demand for its products to have a clear view of business activities. ADVERTISEMENTS: An alternative method may be to associate the long term and short term forecasting with certain types of decisions.Thus, short term forecast is one which provides information for day to day operations within the limits of resources currently available. Whereas long term forecasting is more concerned with decisions extending or reducing the units of resources. Image Source :…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

12 Important Criticisms against Keynesian Theory of Unemployment

Industry
Criticism 1. Does not provide comprehensive solution of unemployment: Keynes theory does provide solution of all types of unemployment. It deals with only cyclical unemployment.Keynes did not attempt to solve frictional, technological unemployment and chronic unemployment of under-developed countries.Keynes did not elaborate how to secure fair employment. A complete theory should explain how to get both full and fair employment. Image Source : peacechild.org 2. Unrealistic assumption of perfect competition: In real business world imperfect competition is found instead of perfect competition even in capitalist economics. Therefore, it is not applicable in advanced economies. 3. No determinate functional relationship between effective demand and employment: Critics point out that there cannot be a definite functional relationship between ED and employment. Keynes did not provide any evidence of this functional relationship.There is…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)– Essay

Marketing
The development of international trade can be adversely affected, if the standards adopted by countries to protect Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) vary widely from one country to another.Furthermore, the ineffective enforcement of such rights can encourage trade in counterfeit and pirated goods, thereby damaging the legitimate commercial interests of manufacturers who hold or have acquired these Rights.The TRIPS Agreement, negotiated in the Uruguay Round, therefore lays down the minimum standards for the protection of OPRs as well as procedures and remedies for their enforcement. Image Source: blog.consultlane.com ADVERTISEMENTS: It establishes a mechanism for consolation and surveillance at the international level to ensure compliance with these standards by member countries at the national level.The obligations of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) came…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

10 important rights and duties of the auditor of a company in India

Accounting
According to section 227 (1) of the Companies Act, 1956, a company auditor has the following rights: 1. Right of Access to Books of Accounts: ADVERTISEMENTS: Every auditor of a Company has a right of access at all times to the books of accounts and vouchers of the company whether kept at the head office of the company or elsewhere. Thus, the auditor may consult all the books, vouchers and documents whenever he so likes. This is his statutory right. He may pay a surprise visit without informing the Directors in advance but in practice, the auditors inform the Directors before they pay their visits. Image Source: ifaedu.in 2. Right to obtain Information and Explanations: He has a right to obtain from the Directors and officers of the company any…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

What Are The Important Functions Of National Tourist Organisation (NTO)?

Industry
The National Tourist Organisation (NTO) is the body responsible for the formulation and implementation of national tourist policy. It is the proper agency and instrument for the execution of the national government’s responsibilities for the control, direction and promotion of tourism.All countries which are engaged in tourism have a national tourism organisation which plays a leading role in both the formulation and the implementation of the government’s tourism programme.This organisation is also responsible for coordinating the different activities of all the bodies interested in tourism development. The national tourist organisation may be a full- fledged ministry, a directorate general, a department, corporation or board. ADVERTISEMENTS: There is, however, no set formula as to what constitutes the most satisfactory constitutional arrangement for the national tourism body. Tourism ranks as a full…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

Get Complete Information on 'Manila Declaration on World Tourism'

Accounting
The Would Tourism Conference which was held at Manila, Philippines in October 1980, considered the nature of tourism phenomenon in all its aspects and the role tourism is bound to play in a dynamic and vastly changing world.Convened by the World Tourism Organisation the conference also considered the responsibility of various states for the development and enhancement as more than purely economic activity of nations and peoples.The significance of tourism in developing countries camp up for detailed discussion during the conference. The participants in the World Tourism Conference attached particular importance to its effects on the developing countries. The conference from the beginning pronounced itself on this subject. Image Source : yellowreddk.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: It stated its conviction “that the world tourism can contribute to the establishment of a new international…
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19Nov 2018 by admin

4 Important Purposes Behind Group Formation in an Organisation

Marketing
Important purposes behind group formation Group formation has certain objectives. The purpose behind group formation may be task achievement, problem-solving, proximity or other socio-psychological requirements. Group formation is based on activities, interactions and sentiments. 1. Task accomplishment: The basic purpose of group formation is the achievement of certain objectives through task performance. ADVERTISEMENTS: Individuals come closer in order to understand the tasks and decide on the procedures of performance. In any organization, task accomplishment is the reason for which different groups such as an engineering group; marketing group, foreman’s group and personnel group are formed for achievement of the organizations’ goals. Image Source: iysigirl.com When an organization faces some procedural difficulties, concerned groups discuss them and evolve new techniques of production, marketing and other functions. 2. Problem Solving: When people…
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