Category: Management

Seldom is an organization composed of people who all do the same type of work. The typical pattern is for individuals and groups to specialize in one function or activity, leaving other functions to their colleagues in other departments or divisions. Image Source: 4.bp.blogspot.comIn fact, specialization has become so common in contemporary life that we tend to take it for granted; it has come to be the natural way of doing things.As a step-child of the classical economic theories and as an after thought of the “division of work principle,” specialization combines the best and the worst of the classical- management school. At best it reflects an optimistic view of human development and monolithic preparation throughout one’s career. ADVERTISEMENTS: At worst, it shows a total disregard of the vast complexity…

Administration generally involves co-operative effort by a number of people to achieve some purpose. It is obvious that the efforts of different persons must be according to a preconceived plan if the purpose in hand is to be accomplished. Image Source: sdrc.co.inOtherwise, there will be confusion and working at cross-purposes, and the individual efforts are likely to cancel out one another. Taking a simple example like the rolling of a heavy log of wood by a group of 8 or 10 people, it is necessary that»they should stand on one side of the log facing the direction in which it has to be moved and exert pressure simultaneously. ADVERTISEMENTS: If some stand on one side and others on the other and push in opposite directions their efforts will neutralize one…

Legal provisions regarding alternative punishment under Section 28 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000.Section 28 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 provides that where an act or omission constitute an offence punishable under this Act and also under any other Central or State Act, then, notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, the offender found guilty of such offences shall be liable to punishment only under such Act as provides for punishment which is greater in degree. Image Source: adeca.alabama.gov ADVERTISEMENTS: According to Rule 18 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007, the procedure to be followed in respect of Sections 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of the Act…

All of us have lived with the concept of authority since birth. First our parents were authority figures, then school teachers, principals and patrol boys and girls, later coaches, captains of athletic teams officers of social clubs and fraternal organization, campus police and finally employers (“bosses”) all remind us that we live in a society with distinct authority relationships. Image Source: sites.psu.eduAuthority conditions the actions and behaviour of every management member in an organization and is the common cord tying together the various organisation units, thus making possible the very existence of the organisation and the effective working together of all personnel. ADVERTISEMENTS: Organized executive action is impossible without authority. A superior is able directly to affect the behaviour of subordinate if he possesses authority with respect to that subordinate…

In ordinary sense of the term, supervision means to oversee the subordinates at work with authority and with an aim, to give the employees, if he is doing wrong. The word supervision is concerned with directing and guiding non-management members of the organisation. Image Source: findself.co.uk ADVERTISEMENTS: According to Vitales, supervision refers to the direct and immediate guidance and control of subordinates in the performance of their task.Supervision is concerned with three main functions of management i.e., direction, immediate guidance and control with a view to see; they are working according to plans, policies programmes instructions and the time schedule.To give them directions to get the work done, if necessary. To guide them at the work if they are doing something inconsistent to directions given and need help so as…

Douglas McGregor discussed the con­ventional view of management. He discussed three propositions of organisational require­ments. These are: Image Source: businessballs.comManagement is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise money, materials, equipment and people in the interest of economic ends. ADVERTISEMENTS: With respect to people, this is a process of directing their efforts, motivating them, controlling their actions, modifying their behaviour to fit the heeds of the organization.Without the active intervention by management, people would be passive, even resistant to organisational needs. They must therefore be persuaded, rewarded, punished controlled and directed. He named this as theory X. Theory X explains traditional manager’s attitudes. According to this theory, McGregor assumes:(a) Men are indolent. They work as little as possible. ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) Men lack ambition, dislike responsibility and prefer to be…

The term responsibility is used in management literature in two different senses. Some writers have defined it as duty on task assigned to a subordinate by virtue of his position in the organisation. Image Source: images.tradingphrases.comAccording to M.E. Hurley, “Responsibility is the duty to which a person is bound by reason of his status or task. Such responsibility implies compliance with directives of the person making the initial delegation.” ADVERTISEMENTS: In a more comprehensive sense responsibility may be defined as the obligation of an individual to perform the duty assigned to him. According to Koontz and O Donnell, “Responsibility may be defined as the obligation of a subordinate, to whom duty has been assigned.”Responsibility is an obligation to perform certain functions and to achieve certain results. According to Davis, “Responsibility…

Scope and area of public administration are given below:The concept of development administration is a widely recognized concept these days and it has significantly stimulated the interest of scholars, not only of public administration but also of other social sciences. Image Source: hilaryburrage.files.wordpress.comIt is, being attended too heavily in the developing countries with a view to orienting it to development aspects (programmes and projects related to socio­economic progress) of administration. Development administration is concerned with the design and building of sound systems. ADVERTISEMENTS: It does not imply that development administration is subservient to public administration. Development administration is as much important as the public administration.The former refers to organized efforts to carry out development oriented goals, the latter to the general or regulatory administration of the government. To quote Shou-Sheng…

Major aspects of public administration are given below:It may be emphasized that the concept of development administration has two major aspects. One aspect of it refers to ‘Development of Administration’. This means to develop administration. It involves strengthening and improving administrative capabilities as a mean for achieving development goals. Image Source: thebusinessadvices.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The other aspect of it is ‘Administration of Development’. According to this interpre­tation, we expect development administration (administrative organization) to act as an instrument in the implementation of development programmes, projects and policies.This may involve raising the standards of education, transforming social systems, improving public health, raising national income, stabilizing political system, conserving national resources, improving communication system, constructing dams, power plants and undertaking many other developmental tasks of national importance.Thus it has two aspects. These are…

Important of people’s participation in public administration are given below:Public administration aims at the welfare of the people. In a modern state administration is run by the government which is elected by the people directly on democratic method. The representatives of the people control the administration. The political executives formulate the policy of the government and the administration of political executive implements these policies into practice. Image Source: code-ngo.org ADVERTISEMENTS: In the modern world, public administration is an integral part of the development process and has a significant role to play in the gigantic task of national development. It would be a mistake if the importance of public administration were not fully recognised by those involved in national development.More and more countries, especially developing countries and the United Nations (Public…