Category: Management

Lickert’s four systems of management are given below:Rensis Likert and his associates at the Michigan University have studied the styles of and managers. According to Rensis Linkert Organizational effectiveness Arid, employee satisfaction are maximized when leaders adopt participative style by involving the group members in the decision-making process. Image Source: mercureaace2013.files.wordpress.com ADVERTISEMENTS: He has identified four basic styles of management, termed as systems ranging autocratic to participative. System No. I: In this system WOW, little confidence in his subordinates. He does not involve them in decision-making. He uses prize and punishment to motivate the subordinates. Authority is highly centralized in the manager. Management in this system is described as “exploitative authoritative”. System No. II: In this system manager adopts what is known as “benevolent- authoritative management style.” He adopts patronizing…

Modern organization are given below:Modern organisation theory and practice views organisation as a system. Webster defines a system as a set for arrangements of things so related or connected as to form a unity or organic whole. A system is thus, unified whole having a number of inter-dependent parts or sub systems and it has identifiable boundaries that distinguish it from its surrounding environment, with which it interacts. Image Source: psdgraphics.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Thus in systems approach equal consideration is given to viz., the whole organisation as well as its component parts. Moreover if it is to survive the organisation must adjust to changes in the environment.Therefore, an organisation should be studied, not merely as a formal arrangement of superiors and subordinates or as a social system in which people influence…

Linking Pin Model are given below:So far, the discussion of the behavioural approach to organisation has raised a lot of criticism of classical thinkers but has not supplied many constructive solutions. Furthermore, the ideas of Barnard, Simon, Bakke and Argyris are themselves becoming out dated. For the most part, they formulated their theories two or even three decades ago. Image Source: d223wx6eb72vcz.cloudfront.net ADVERTISEMENTS: Are these theories still relevant to today’s organisations? Can the behavioural organisation theorists present a structural model suitable for implementation in practice? The answer to both these questions can be found in the work done by Rensis Likert of the University of Michigan.The linking pin idea, although conceptually very simple, represents an actual model for organisation structure. It is based on the concept of every man’s functioning…

Importance of esprit de corps principle are given below:This principle emphasized the need for team work and the maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Image Source: images.slideplayer.com ADVERTISEMENTS: In their enthusiasm for scientism Gulick and Urwick laid down seven principles of administration that came to be expressed as ‘POSDCORB’. Each letter of the word stand for a different technique such as planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.Another major contributor to the development of management thought during this period was Mary Parker Follett. Although she was a contemporary of the other administrative management theorists and set forth certain general principle as guide lines for practice, her approach was significantly different. She was unique in emphasizing the psychological and sociological aspects of management.She viewed management as a social process and the organization…

Behaviorally oriented organisation theorists are generally dissatisfied with the bureaucracy classical approach. From a human standpoint, March and Simon summarized five basic limitations of classical organisations theory: Image Source: i.ytimg.com1. The motivational assumptions are incomplete and inaccurate.2. Intra-organisational conflict is generally ignored. ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Constraints placed on the human as a complex information-processing system are given little consideration.4. Little attention is given to the role of cognition in task identification and decision.5. The phenomenon of programme elaboration receives little emphasis.In other words, the classical organisation theories are much too simplistic and too mechanistic to handle the complex human element properly. ADVERTISEMENTS: The classical theories, moreover, are no longer relevant to many modern organisation. For the most part, these theories were predicated on the environment of the industrial revolution today’s technological…

Another argument which states that a given organisation is efficient despite apparent infraction of the span of control and hence the principle is unnecessary and incorrect. Image Source: rothwell.force9.co.ukThe limits of the span of control are real and important restrictions. As a result, a careful balancing of the inefficiencies of levels against those of spans is necessary. Reducing the number of levels is not a cure for all administrative ills. ADVERTISEMENTS: Fayol advocated cross-communication as a means of co-ordinating departmental managers. Urwick support the same by stating that lower level people must be encouraged to develop maximum cross relationships among them. The official channels need not be the only avenues of communication. Excessive ‘red tape’ is easily avoided if cross communication is fostered within an organisation.Span is not a fable.…

Managerial Grid are given below:Robert Blake and Jane Mouton described various managerial styles through what is known as managerial grid. These styles ranged from extern task orientation. Task orientation means “concern for production” which includes the attitudes of a supervisor towards work, efficiency quality of the goods produced etc. Image Source: tradingsuccess.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Relationship orientation means “concern for people”, maintenance of self-esteem of workers, provision of good working conditions and development of satisfying inter-personal relations. The 1.1 Managerial Style: It has been referred as “impoverished management under this style, manager has little interest either in the task or in the people. He marks his time. He would send the communication from the superiors to the subordinates and vice-versa. He has little involvement in the job. He lacks initiative when anything…

Opposition made to the scientific management are given below:It is little wonder that Taylor and his followers were not without opposition and critics because the new approach involved a complete overhauling of traditional managerial practices. Image Source: i.ytimg.com/vi/mppXNi0umrQ/maxresdefault.jpg ADVERTISEMENTS: Many managers resisted Taylor’s approach because they opposed his substitution of the scientific method and techniques for their own judgment and discretion. “Taylor had questioned their good judgment and superior ability which had been the subject of public celebration for many years. Hence, many employers regarded his methods as an unwarranted interference with managerial prerogatives”.Taylor’s scientific management was not only opposed by managers but by workers also. Workers were opposed to time study procedures and standardization of all aspects of their performance, as they did not like to be treated as…

The first systematic theory of organisation was formulated in the early years of the present century under the driving force of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915). An engineer by profession, he is regarded as the father of the scientific management. Image Source: i.ytimg.comTaylor was stimulated in his early thinking by a number of predecessors, particularly the American industrialist and engineer Henery R. Towne. ADVERTISEMENTS: Around the turn of nineteenth century, when the industrial revolution had reached a stage of maturity, the working conditions in the factories were chaotic. The work procedures were neither standardized nor well planned.Choice of methods of work was mainly left to the workers resulting in considerable adhoc planning and inefficiency It was mainly to fulfill this need and find ways to raise industrial productivity that Taylor came…

Bureaucracy as an organisational model was first developed by Max Weber (1864-1920), an eminent German Sociologist. He was one of the founders of modern sociology. Writing during the first part of 20th century, he was contemporary with the scientific management movement and the early phases of administrative management thought. Image Source: i.ytimg.comHis concepts are introduced at this point because, although many of his ideas belong to the classical” school, they seem to bridge the gap between the traditional concepts of organisation and management and on modern ideas in more respects. ADVERTISEMENTS: Weberian bureaucracy is based on mechanistic assumptions about human nature in the pre-1930’s tradition, whereas in other respects, his concepts match the modern scholar’s search for general theories and understanding and the idea of the ultimate predictability of organizational…