Category: Management

Important Objectives of performance management are given below:Performance appraisal is not something entirely new for educational institutions. Teachers are aware that they are being judged and evaluated by students, peers and superior all the time, be it formally or informally. However, it is necessary to evolve a formal, scientific and systematic PA system.First step in this direction is to understand the objectives of Performance appraisal which include: ADVERTISEMENTS: i. To assist teachers in their professional development and career planning.ii. To assist those responsible for making decisions about the management of teachers.iii. To improve the quality of education for students.iv. To assist teachers to realize their potential and to carry out their duties more effectively. Image Source: performance-management-consulting.com ADVERTISEMENTS: v. To provide judgment to support promotions, demotions, transfers, confirmation or termination.vi.…

Indian anthropologists who made great contributions towards Anthropology are listed below: 1. N. K. Bose: Normal Kumar Bose is a highly familiar and respected name in Indian Anthropology. He was born in 1901. He got his schooling at Patina and Ranchi and higher education at Calcutta. He did his Master’s in Anthropology in 1925.He was involved in freedom struggle and his academic career was interrupted several times by certain nationalist events. He taught anthropology at Calcutta University. bigfyda.com ADVERTISEMENTS: N. K. Bose also served as a visiting scholar in the University of California, Berkley and Chicago. He also acted as the Director, Anthropological Survey of India during 1959-64 and served as advisor on tribal affairs, Government of India.He retired in 1964 and from then onwards served in various capacities. He…

Institutional effectiveness dimensions are given below:(1) Better results.(2) Reduced costs ADVERTISEMENTS: (3) Reduction or elimination of wastage and stagnation.(4) Better image.These four components of HRD can be schematically presented as follows (Rao, 1986).HRD can be implemented in such a manner that it is beneficial both to the individual and to the institution. For this, it should foster a sense of belongingness among employees. Image Source: aoma.edu ADVERTISEMENTS: This feeling develops when an institution provides for their basic needs as well as for their higher needs through appropriate management styles and systems. Employees’ commitment can be developed and enhanced by providing opportunities for self-fulfillment in one’s work.A manager’s job is to provide a positive, motivating work climate which would ensure development and utilization of the capabilities of subordinates.However, the HRD system…

Before making an attempt to further clarify and discuss the concept of organizational culture, it is essential to comprehend the distinction between ‘he terms Organizational climate and organizational culture.Both the concepts are concerned with the overall work atmosphere of an organization. Both deal the social context in organizations and both are assumed to affect the behaviours of people who work in organizations (Denison, 1996). These are the similarities between the two concepts. Image Source: charactercountsiniowa.org ADVERTISEMENTS: However, the two concepts differ in many significant ways:(1) Researches on organizational were mainly based in psychology, whereas, the study of organizational culture is based in anthropology and sociology,(2) Organizational climate does not deal with values and norms in most cases. On the other hand, organizational culture is very often described as the means…

We have discussed earlier that the impact an event has on its target audience is equivalent to the measure of reach and interaction that occur during the event. Whereas reach is tangible, interaction to a certain extent is intangible as well as not always quantifiable.Immediate and long-term benefits that accrue from an event are important when evaluating an event from the clients’ point of view.A cost-benefit analysis concerning the effectiveness of reach and interaction is a must as a pre-event activity. Post-event stock taking activity should be done to confirm whether the event has occurred as per plans. kamloopsthisweek.com ADVERTISEMENTS: This analysis should consider the actual cost of the event that includes the non-budgeted expenditure as well as the actual benefits that accrued to the client from the event. The…

Public finance is broadly divided into four branches. These are Public Expenditure, Public Revenue, Public Debt and Financial Administration.Under Public Expenditure, we study the various principles, effects and problems of expenditure made by the public authorities.Under the branch of Public Revenue, we study the various ways of raising revenues by the public bodies. We also study the principles and effects of taxation and how the burden of taxation is distributed among the various classes in the society. previews.123rf.com ADVERTISEMENTS: Public Debt is the study of the various principles and methods of raising debts and their economic effects. It also deals with the methods of repayment and management of public debt.The branch of Financial Administration deals with the methods of budget preparation, various types of budgets, war finance, development finance, etc.Need…

The qualitative or selective methods of credit control are adopted by the Reserve Bank in its pursuit of economic stabilization and as part of credit management.1. Margin Requirements: Changes in margin requirements are designed to influence the flow of credit against specific commodities. The commercial banks generally advance loans to their customers against some security or securities offered by the borrowers and acceptable to banks. ADVERTISEMENTS: More generally, the commercial banks do not lend upto the full amount of the security but lend an amount less than its value.The margin requirements against specific securities are determined by the Reserve Bank. A change in margin requirements will influence the flow of credit. A rise in the margin requirements results in a contraction in the borrowing value of the security and similarly,…

The IMF has been severely criticised by academics, politicians, and public-interest groups. Much of the criticism is serious and well intentioned.First, the IMF today is not as strong as it was a few years ago. “The US’ abandonment, in 1971, of the fixed exchange rate system managed by the IMF heralded an abrupt erosion of its authority.”Second, it has failed to strongly warn emerging market countries of the dangers of liberalizing their restrictions on domestic financial activities and international capital flows without prior actions to strengthen their financial institutions and establish appropriate frameworks. Image Source: static.independent.co.uk ADVERTISEMENTS: Third, the IMF attached austere conditions to its loans and did not pay more attention to growth and income distribution, i.e., poverty reduction.Fourth, the IMF is also criticised for relying on a highly…

The government announced a New Industrial Policy on July 24, 1991. This new policy deregulates the industrial economy in a substantial manner.The major objectives of the new policy are to build on the gains already made, correct the distortions or weaknesses that might have crept in, maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment, and attain international competitiveness. In pursuit of these objectives, the government announced a series of initiatives in the new industrial policy as outlined below: Image Source: historydiscussion.net 1. Abolition of Industrial Licensing: ADVERTISEMENTS: In a major move to liberalise the economy, the new industrial policy abolished all industrial licensing irrespective of the level of in vestment except for certain industries related to security and strategic concerns, and social reasons.Now there are only 6 industries for…

The important methods adopted for conservation of wildlife in India are described below: 1. Habitat management: This indicates ecological study of habits and habitats of wildlife species, protection, preservation and improvement of habitats, census and statistical data regarding species to be conserved, etc. Image Source: wlf.louisiana.gov 2. Establishment of protected area: ADVERTISEMENTS: Establishment of national parks, wildlife reserves, sanctuaries, zoological garden etc. serves many purposes:(i) To conserve species in their wild state.(ii) To provide scientific, educational and recreational opportunities and(iii) To earn revenue by attracting tourists. In India, at present, there are 89 National parks and 496 sanctuaries constituted under Wildlife (Protection,) Act, 1972. These are now spread over 25 states and 3 Union Territories. Total area covered by these protected places is approximately 1, 83,000 sq. km. ADVERTISEMENTS: There…