Category: Industry

Democracy without discipline is a body without soul. If there is no discipline in the country, democracy will degenerate into a monocracy i.e., a Government by a unruly crowd. In fact, in Greek ‘Demos’ means crowd. The word ‘curacy’ is from the Greek word ‘Krait’ or ‘Cratos’ which means power. A lack of discipline in democracy justifies Plato’s criticism that democracy is the divine right of the ignorant people to rule ignorantly.It is true that democracy is based on the free will of the people who are supreme and. Sovereign. But this does not mean that democracy grants absolute liberty to the people to do anything. Under this mistaken belief, some people misuse their rights and liberties. Not only that, some people also think wrongly that in a democracy they…

Functional or occupational representation is a protest against the system of territorial or geographical representation. In modem States the usual basis of representation is territorial.A district or constituency is demarcated and voters living within the tutorial limits of that constituency elect a representative or representatives.This system of territorial or geographical representation is held to be inconsistent with the spirit of democracy. It is maintained that members elected from different constituencies are not representatives in the real sense of the term. Image Source: c14608526.r26.cf2.rackcdn.com ADVERTISEMENTS: It is a misrepresentative system rather than representative as a representative elected on the territorial basis cannot represent the varied and diverse interests living in a constituency. He can represent only his own interests which he has in common with others.People pursuing the same kind of…

The attachment shall be made by making an order that the amount shall, subject to the provisions of Section 60 of the Code (property not liable to attachment and sale in execution of a decree), be withheld from such salary or allowances either in one payment or by monthly instalments. The disbursing officer shall then withhold and remit to the court the amount due under the order or the monthly instalment, as the case may be. (O. 21, R. 48).Attachment of salary of private employees.—Order 21, R. 48-A of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that where the property to be attached is the salary or allowances of an employee to whom rule 48 applies, (viz., a servant of the Government, a railway company or local authority or a servant…

The term ‘foreign direct investment’ (FDI) covers some specific forms of inter-country capital transfers. Under FDI, capital moves from one country to another not in the form of loans but in the form of business investment.When capital is transferred in the form of loans, the creditor runs the risk of a partial or full default by the borrower. However, given this risk, the lender’s future income is certain or pre-determined. In contrast, in FDI, the investor faces market risks and uncertainties.Return on FDI depends, amongst others, upon the success of the enterprise in which investment has been made. Consequently, it can be nil or even negative. skbdevelopers.com ADVERTISEMENTS: It is conventional to make a distinction between two forms of foreign direct investment of which the term FDI is conventionally used…

India’s most important nuclear Research Reactor centers are given below: 1. Dhruva: India’s largest research reactor designed and developed by Mumbai’s Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, became critical in 1985 testifying to the capacity of our scientists to enrich tradition with their own talent. Work on the 100 MW (thermal) heavy water-cooled and moderated natural uranium metal reactors began in 1973. ADVERTISEMENTS: It was ready for commissioning by the middle of 1985 but a technical hitch and its creators’ insistence of “ensuring 100 per cent safety” delayed the announcement of their hour of triumph by over a year.This landmark in our atomic research is particularly exciting because it would give a fresh fillip to the production of isotopes like iodine 131, chromium 51 and molybdenum 99 providing better facilities for medical…

Out of the many problems that are facing India, the problem of rising prices is the most intricate. Although it is affecting universally, yet it has rendered the life of the poor impossible to pull on and the number of poor in India is far greater than the rich. So it is the problem of the whole country.Prices of all commodities are rising almost daily. For what you buy a commodity today, you cannot have it on the same price a few days after. The hardest hit on this problem is the salaried class. The businessmen and the traders meet out the problem of dearness by earning larger profits. Image Source: patrontechnology.com ADVERTISEMENTS: The labour class too charges high wages and has a low standard of living, so they, too,…

The Steel Plants that comes under the Public Sector of India are mentioned below: Steel Plants 1. Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (Andhra): The Union Cabinet, in June 1979, approved an investment of Rs. 3,897 crores for setting up a 3.4 million tonne public sector steel plant at Visakhapatnam in collaboration with the erstwhile USSR. It was the first integrated steel project to be set up in the southern region. ADVERTISEMENTS: Many modern technological features have been incorporated in the design of VSP e.g., seven metre tall coke-oven batteries with dry quenching facilities, bigger blast furnace of 3,200 cubic metres, cent per cent continuous casting facilities etc. The plant produces wire rods, billets, universal beams, light and medium steel products and granulated slag. 2. Rourkela Plant (Orissa): Set up by the Government…

The Origin: As the name suggests, Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an association of countries which are substantial net exporters of oil and which subscribe to a set of commonly agreed objectives.It is a permanent, intergovernmental organisation. Created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10-14, 1960, by five countries, viz., Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.It was later joined by eight others: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1962), United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973) and Gabon (1975).Two countries, Ecuador and Gabon, left OPEC in 1992 and 1994, respectively, reducing its membership to the remaining 11 countries. It started with its headquarters at Geneva, and moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965. Image Source: 2.bp.blogspot.com ADVERTISEMENTS: OPEC produces around…

4G which stands for 4th Generation Technology is an extension of the 3G technology and has new advancements including better bandwidth and services added to it.4G is basically mobile technology which has evolved from the basic 1G technology that came up with cell phones coming into the communication world.4G is considered as future generation technology and its goals are definitely progressive. Technologies like UMTS, SDR, TD-SCDMA, MIMO, WIMAX etc. fall into the category of 4G. ADVERTISEMENTS: 4G is expected to enhance the security measures and provide high data transfer speeds and improve user efficiency. The blips that happen in transmission due to movement of device from one place to another with network changes are expected to reduce with 4G technology.4G technologies are supposed to use network address in lines with…

The massive trade liberalisation measures adopted after 1991 mark a major departure from the relatively protectionist trade policies pursued in earlier years.The current trade policy reforms seem to have been guided mainly by the concerns over globalisation of the Indian economy, improving competitiveness of its industry, and adverse balance of payments situation. Main features of trade policies (trade reforms) since 1991 are as follows: ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Free Imports and Exports: Substantial simplification and liberalisation has been carried out in the reform period. The tariff line wise import policy was first announced on March 31, 1996 and at that time itself 6,161 tariff lines were made free. newcenturypublications.comTill March 2000, this total had gone up to 8,066. The Exim Policy 2000-01 removed quantitative restrictions on 714 items and the Exim Policy…